path: root/po/stellarium-skycultures-descriptions/stellarium-skycultures-descriptions.pot

# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR Stellarium's team
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: stellarium@googlegroups.com\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-12-16 17:32+0700\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Al-Sufi (\"Book of Fixed Stars\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul "
"Kunitzsch described it as \"the most outstanding among the works of the "
"prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi "
"(born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī "
"treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and "
"transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation "
"comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the "
"constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes "
"alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own "
"observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling "
"under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective "
"stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the "
"constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as "
"it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that "
"constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its "
"longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the "
"arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest.\" <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. In addition to the four sections of each "
"constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars "
"within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not "
"catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of "
"facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in "
"more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by "
"its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or "
"arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by "
"the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 "
"angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for "
"angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and "
"finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two "
"degrees and 20 minutes <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. For the "
"other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 "
"measurements, I came up with different values. The following table "
"summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from "
"Schjellerup<sup><a href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup> and from my research."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:5
msgid "Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "<b>Schjellerup</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "<b>Khalid</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "<b>unit</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:15 ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<b>cubits</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:16 ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "<b>Angular Value</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "spear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:22 ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "6 cubits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Man-Height"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "3 cubits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:36 ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "1 cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "span"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "1/3 of a cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "1/2 of a cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "finger"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "1/32 of a cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "1/16 of a cubit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:57
msgid ""
"Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous "
"Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact "
"identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic "
"stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at "
"the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "The Sky Culture"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:60
msgid ""
"This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of "
"the book, oldest of which is the <a "
"href=\"https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh "
"144 dated 1009 AD</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:61
msgid ""
"First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, "
"and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations "
"was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built "
"including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and "
"Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and "
"identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous "
"steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars "
"plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:62
msgid ""
"The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the "
"Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for "
"Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup>. The star names file includes the star "
"number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of "
"the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary "
"name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is "
"the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other "
"secondary names are displayed, which will display \"The star on the end of "
"the tail\" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed "
"according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the "
"member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were "
"added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars "
"were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:63
msgid ""
"The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted "
"from Ernie Wright website<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> which "
"was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>. The translation was modified in a few "
"places to agree with Al-Sufi wording."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:64
msgid ""
"The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the "
"objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:66 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:522 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:464 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:496 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:299 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:288
msgid "Fair Use"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:67
msgid ""
"This sky culture is provided for free under CC BY-ND 4.0 International "
"Public License (share-alike, do not change it without consulting the "
"contributors, and cite the contributors). The author wishes that this work "
"be cited according to the common rules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:69 ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:45 ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:32 ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:61 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:475 ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:23 ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:48 ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:17 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:302 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:291 ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:12 ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:10 ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:17 ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:9 ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:63 ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:11 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:85 ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Author"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:70
msgid ""
"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: "
"turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:72 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:151 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:77 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2960 ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "Notes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:73
msgid ""
"[1] The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn "
"Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton "
"[England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "[2] See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:75
msgid ""
"[3] DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par "
"H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:76
msgid ""
"[4] <a "
"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition "
"with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:77
msgid ""
"[5] <a href=\"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd "
"al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib "
"al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:78
msgid ""
"[6] <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
"of the Almagest Catalog</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/al-sufi/description.en.utf8:79
msgid ""
"[7] Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., "
"1998."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Anutan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon "
"Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the "
"Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars "
"and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed "
"from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) "
"are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major "
"navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or "
"undistinguished)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:9 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "Nomenclature"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Anutan name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "English translation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Western skylore"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "Te Tino A Manu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "The Bird's Body"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:12 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:191 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:36 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Sirius"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Te Kapakau Tonga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "The East Wing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:13 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:428 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:372 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:186 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "Canopus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Te Kapakau Pakatokerau"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "The North Wing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Procyon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "Te Kaokao O Manu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "The Bird's Armpit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "Group of four small starts just east of Manu's Body"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "Te Kope"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "The Bamboo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "Grus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "Ara Toru"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "Path of Three"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:17 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "Orion's belt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Te Angaanga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "The Tongs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Taurus's forehead"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Matariki"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Small Face, or Small Eyes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:19 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:306 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:251 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:96 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:129 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:41 ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:13 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Kaavei"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Octopus Tentacle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Aries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Taki Roto"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Middle Precursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Corner of Great Square (one large star)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Taki Mua"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Forward Precursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Toki"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Adze"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:23 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "Delphinus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Te Aamonga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "The Carrying Stick"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Three stars in Aquila in a straight line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Sammara Squirrelfish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Four large stars in Sagittarius"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "Te Rua Tangata"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "Double Man"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:26 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Alpha and Beta Centauri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "Te Rakau Tapu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "The Net, or The Sacred Timber"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:27 ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:29 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
msgid "Southern Cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Taro"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Taro plant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau "
"(its leaves)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Te Tukaniva"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:41 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "&mdash;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Milky way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Te Aro Rere"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "The Running Cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Large Magellanic Cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "Te Ao Toka"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "The Restrained Cloud (?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "Small Magellanic Cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Te Petuu Ao"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "The Morning Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:33 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:377 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:36 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:26 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "Venus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "Tiuriuri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "The Morning Star(?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "Venus(?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:37 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:486 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:293 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:275 ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:35 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:381 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "References"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"Feinberg, Richard. (1998). \"Polynesian seafaring and navigation: ocean "
"travel in Anutan culture and society\" The Kent State University Press, "
"Kent, Ohio: ISBN 0-87338-352-4."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"Rensch, K.H. (1994). \"Fish Names of Western Polynesia: Futuna, Niue, Samoa, "
"Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uvea, Outliers\" Archipelago Press, the University "
"of California : ISBN 9780959378771."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/anutan/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Arabian Peninsula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:2 ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:2 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:2 ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:3
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian "
"Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:4
msgid "Description"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia, "
"bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and "
"Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is "
"not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by "
"rivers, meaning The Euphrates river <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. This region is inhabited by Arabs and "
"covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, "
"Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars "
"for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and "
"agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs "
"and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented "
"and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these "
"collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the "
"people of this region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the "
"system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of "
"al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13 "
"days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This "
"will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day "
"cycle. Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon "
"conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of "
"ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and "
"used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up "
"to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not "
"certain but estimated to be in the 17th century<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>. Another important source is a poem by "
"Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar "
"stations, citing them by the local names<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Sources of Star Names and Asterisms"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral "
"traditions and the following books:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Al-Amthāl al-ʿāmiyah fi Naǧd, The "
"folk proverbs in Najd, 4 volumes, Dar Al-Thulūthiyah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
"2010."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"Al-ʿUbūdī, Moḥammad b. Nāṣir, Muʿǧam al-Uṣūl al-faṣīḥah "
"lil-alfāẓ al-dariǧah, Lexicon of the classical root of the common "
"dialect words, 13 volumes, King AbdulAzeez Library, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
"2009."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"Al-Azhār al-nadiyah min ashʿār al-badiyah, A collection of Bedouins "
"poetry by the name: The moist flowers of Bedouin Poetry, 18 volumes, Al "
"Ma'arif library, Tayef, Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"Min ādābinā al-shaʿbiyah fi al-ǧazīrah al-ʿarabiyah, A collection of "
"poetry by Mandeel al-Fuhaid, Our local literature of the Arab peninsula, 10 "
"volumes, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Al-Amthāl al-shaʿbiyah al-sāʾirah fi "
"manṭiqat Ḥāʾil, The local common proverbs of the Ḥayel region, "
"Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2007."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Durar min al-shiʿr al-shaʿbī, The best of "
"folk poetry, 3 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1999."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"Al-Suwaydā, ʿAbd al-Raḥman, Shuʿarāʾ al-ǧabal al-shaʿbiyūn, The "
"Poets of the mountain, 5 volume Poetry collection, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
"2013."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:30
msgid ""
"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ wal-nuǧūm, "
"Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "
"2013."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, "
"Explanation of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:35 ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:24 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:69 ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:8 ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:5 ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:15 ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:4
msgid "Constellations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<b>Arabic</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<b>Transliteration</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<b>Translation</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<b>Comment</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<b>References</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:39
msgid "<b>Constellations</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "The Two Guards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two "
"Guards comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the "
"seven sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the "
"Big Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their "
"father until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and "
"the name is The Two Guards."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "al-Diḫīlain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "The Two Refugees"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes "
"from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the "
"killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "Āl Aba Bzay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
msgid "al-Naʿāyem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "Al-Nayem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the "
"seven stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "al-Sibbaʿ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "The Seven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "The seven stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Banāt Naʿš"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Daughters Of Na'sh"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their "
"father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "al-Šdād"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "The Saddle Of The Camel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas "
"along the red sea of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "al-Miġzal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "The Wool Spindle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ "
"Cyg, and β1 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of "
"Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "al-Muqaddam"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "The Front"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "al-Muḫḫar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "The Rear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "al-Rša"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "The Bucket Rope"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "al-Šarṭain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "The Two Signs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "The two signs, stars (Mesarthim and Sheratan) (27th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "al-Bṭain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "The Little Abdomen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "al-Thrayyā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "Al-Thurayya"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "al-Thurayyā is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "al-Dhraʿ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "The Arm"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "al-Klaibain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "The Two Little Dogs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:55
msgid ""
"An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is "
"used for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is "
"common in central Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "al-Nathrah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "The Nostrils"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:56
msgid ""
"M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th "
"mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "al-Ṭarf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "The Eyes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "al-Ǧabhah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "The Forehead"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "al-Zubrah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "The Mane"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "al-ʿAwwā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "The Bend"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:60
msgid ""
"an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs "
"barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "al-Ġafr"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "The Cover"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "al-Zubānā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "Claws Of The Scorpion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "al-Iklīl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "The Diadem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:63
msgid ""
"The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the "
"Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
msgid "al-Šawlah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
msgid "Raised Tail Of The Scorpion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "aal-ʿAqrab"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "The Scorpion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "The scorpion image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "al-Baldah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "The Empty Place"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
msgid "The Ostriches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:67
msgid ""
"Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the "
"river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches "
"returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is "
"included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion "
"of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
msgid "Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:68
msgid ""
"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion "
"of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "Saʿd bulaʿ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Swallower"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:69
msgid ""
"Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of "
"the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
msgid "Saʿd al-suʿūd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
msgid "The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:70
msgid ""
"Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring "
"(22nd mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
msgid "Saʿd al-aḫbiyah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
msgid "The Lucky Star Of The Tents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:71
msgid ""
"Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is "
"inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
msgid "al-Haqʿah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
msgid "The Circular Mark"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:72
msgid ""
"Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) "
"representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
msgid "al-Hanʿah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
msgid "Stoopness"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:73
msgid "Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "Back Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:74
msgid ""
"The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of "
"Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the "
"western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The "
"source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Zawābin al-Ǧawzā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "Claws Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:75 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
msgid ""
"Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the "
"Qasseem region of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "al-Zibban"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "Masǧid al-Thrayyā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "Mosque Of Al-Thurayya"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:77
msgid ""
"A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is "
"composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this "
"name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern "
"Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
msgid "al-Ǧawā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
msgid "Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:78
msgid ""
"Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape "
"for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral "
"traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:79
msgid "<b>Planets</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Morning Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "Naǧmat al-ʿŠā"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "Evening Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "The Sip, The Sipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:82
msgid ""
"Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The "
"sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children "
"to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "Naǧmat al-Hawdān"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "The Star Of Al-Hawdan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:83
msgid ""
"Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in "
"the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for "
"their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is "
"that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises "
"preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening "
"when Venus sets."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:84
msgid "<b>Stars</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
msgid "al-Ǧady"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
msgid "The Kid"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:85
msgid "Same as the ancient Arab name."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86
msgid "The Two Guards 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:86 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
msgid "See CON100"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
msgid "al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:87
msgid "The Two Guards 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
msgid "al-Diḫīlain 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:88
msgid "The Two Refugees 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "al-Diḫīlain 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "The Two Refugees 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
msgid "Āl Aba Bzay 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:91
msgid "The Family Of Aba Bzay 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
msgid "al-Ḫilj 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92
msgid "Al-Khilj 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:92 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
msgid "al-Ḫilj 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:93
msgid "Al-Khilj 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:94
msgid "The first Khilj 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "The first Khilj 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96
msgid "The Latter Khilj 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:96 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
msgid "The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
msgid "al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:97
msgid "The Latter Khilj 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:98
msgid "The fourth ones 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
msgid "al-Rubbaʿ 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:99
msgid "The fourth ones 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
msgid "al-Ḫamis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
msgid "The Fifth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:100
msgid "The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "al-Satt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "The Sixth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
msgid "al-Swaibiʿ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
msgid "The Seventh"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:102
msgid "The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
msgid "al-Reqīb"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
msgid "The Watcher"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:103
msgid ""
"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel "
"region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
msgid "al-Iḥaimir"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
msgid "The Reddish One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:104
msgid ""
"The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers "
"and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
msgid "al-Nasr al-Mkattaf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
msgid "The Closed Wings Eagle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:105
msgid ""
"The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms "
"the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
msgid "al-Mbarī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
msgid "The Parallel One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:106
msgid "The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
msgid "al-Ǧinīb"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
msgid "The Sided One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:107
msgid "The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
msgid "al-Nasr al-Basiṭ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
msgid "The Spread Wings Eagle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:108
msgid ""
"The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql "
"forms the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
msgid "aal-Kanūn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
msgid "Al-Kanoon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:109
msgid ""
"Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of "
"al-Ḫalāwī."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110
msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:110 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
msgid "See CON2504"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
msgid "al-Mwaḫḫar 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:111
msgid "The Rear Bucket Mouth 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
msgid "al-Mqaddam 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112
msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:112 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
msgid "See CON2502"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
msgid "al-Mqaddam 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:113
msgid "The Front Bucket Mouth 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
msgid "al-Twaibiʿ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114
msgid "The Follower"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:114 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
msgid "The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
msgid "al-Twailī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:115
msgid "The Latter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
msgid "al-Mǧaidiḥ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
msgid "Al-Mjaidih"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:116
msgid ""
"The star Aldebran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef "
"region, western Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
msgid "al-Aẓfār 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117
msgid "The Claws 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:117 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
msgid ""
"Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of "
"Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
msgid "al-Aẓfār 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:118
msgid "The Claws 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
msgid "al-Aẓfār 3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:119
msgid "The Claws 3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
msgid "al-Aẓfār 4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:120
msgid "The Claws 4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
msgid "al-Aẓfār 5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:121
msgid "The Claws 5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
msgid "al-Aẓfār 6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:122
msgid "The Claws 6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
msgid "al-Ṣarfah"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
msgid "Star Of Weather Change"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:123
msgid "(10th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "al-Smak al-ʿazal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "The High Unarmed One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "(12th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "al-Qalb"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "The Heart"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "(16th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:126
msgid "(17th mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:127
msgid "(third mansion of the Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
msgid "Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:128
msgid ""
"Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used "
"by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
msgid "Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:129
msgid ""
"Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name \"Northern Claw of al-Jawza\" "
"appeared in \"Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān "
"al-maǧd fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, "
"(Arabic critical edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), "
"Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. 292.\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
msgid "Riǧl al-Ǧawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
msgid "Leg Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:130
msgid ""
"Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used "
"by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:131
msgid ""
"Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used "
"by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport "
"Umluj of Saudi Arabia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
msgid "Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
msgid "Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:132
msgid ""
"Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of \"Northern "
"Claw of al-Jawza\" for α Ori. 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
msgid "al-Mirzam"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
msgid "Al-Mirzam"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:133
msgid ""
"A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar "
"mansion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
msgid "al-Šiʿla"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
msgid "Al-Shi'la"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:134
msgid ""
"Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian "
"Peninsula."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Shail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Suhayl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
msgid "Miḥlif"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
msgid "The Oath Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:136
msgid ""
"A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with "
"Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that "
"it is or is not Suhayl."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
msgid "Aba al-sihil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137
msgid "Aba Alsihil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:137 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
msgid "Another name of α Eri."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
msgid "al-Mishil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:138
msgid "Al-Miss.hil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
msgid "al-Shali (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:139
msgid "As-S.hali"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
msgid "al-Naʿāyem 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140
msgid "al-Naayem 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:140 ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
msgid ""
"A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the "
"tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and "
"should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper "
"used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the "
"name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
msgid "al-Naʿāyem 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:141
msgid "al-Naayem 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:145 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:71 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:539 ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:42 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:220 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2980 ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:57 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:505 ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:377 ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:73 ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:259 ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:57 ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:48 ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:59 ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:78
msgid "Authors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:147
msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak@gmail.com."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:149 ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:34 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "License"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:150 ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:152
msgid ""
"[1]: Al-Hamdânîʼs Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel, David Heinrich "
"Müller, Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1884, pg. 47."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:153
msgid ""
"[2]: Le Bon, Gustave, La civilisation des Arabes, Paris, Librairie de "
"Firmin-Didot, 1884, livre premier, pg. 1."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:154
msgid ""
"[3]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Maʾthūrāt al-Ḫalāwī al-falakiyah, "
"Explanation of al-Ḫalāwī astronomy poems, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:155
msgid ""
"[4]: Al-Ajaji, Khalid, Sharḥ Qaṣidat al-Qāḍī fi al-anwāʾ "
"wal-nuǧūm, Explanation of al-Qāḍī poem of anwāʾ and stars, Riyadh, "
"Saudi Arabia, 2013."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabian_peninsula/description.en.utf8:156
msgid ""
"[5]: Ibn Bišir, ʿUṯmān ibn ʿAbd Allah (died 1873), ʿInwān al-maǧd "
"fi tarīḫ Naǧd, The title of glory on the history of Najd, (Arabic "
"critical edition print by Dr. Muḥammad ibn Nāṣir al-Šiṯrī), Riyadh, "
"Saudi Arabia, 2012, pg. 292."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Arabic"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient "
"Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy influence "
"in the ninth century."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in "
"old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of "
"the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star "
"knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of "
"meteorology. The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's <em>Kitāb al-Anwāʾ</em> (9th "
"century) listed twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between "
"early eighth and tenth century<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. The only completely preserved text is "
"that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many of the earlier "
"texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the indigenous Arab "
"star names is the <em>Book of the stars</em> written in ~ 964 AD by the "
"prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the indigenous Arab "
"star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek "
"constellations<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[2]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:6
msgid "Sources of the Arabic sky culture"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge "
"of ancient Arabs from the following books:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ "
"889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original "
"book, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), "
"Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original "
"book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), "
"Al-Anwāʾ wa al-azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the "
"original book in 1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book "
"of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by "
"Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021 AD</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"Al-Farāhīdī, abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ḫalīl b. Aḥmad (died ~ 786 "
"AD), Kitab al-ʿayn, a lexicon titled: The book of ʿayn (Arabic letter "
"العين), (Arabic print of the original book, 1980 – 1985)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , I , Ibn Majid, "
"Gabriel Ferrand, 1921 -1923."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais , II, Sulayman "
"al-Mahri et Ibn Majid, Gabriel Ferrand, 1925."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the "
"sky, and particular shape of a group of stars.  Single stars were named "
"after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, "
"meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a "
"man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat).  If "
"two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given a "
"common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves.  Sometimes "
"an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are adult "
"animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and their "
"youngsters, The horses and the foals.  Particular shapes of stars were given "
"names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper name of a "
"woman for Orion stars.  Other asterisms are given names according to legends "
"and stories."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND "
"4.0). The author wishes that this work be cited according to the common "
"rules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"[1]: Ibn Qutaybah (Arabic ابن قتيبة) (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab "
"al-Anwā’a (Arabic الأنواء في مواسم العرب), (Arabic "
"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad al-Dakan), page: يد."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"[2]: <a "
"href=\"https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing\">Book "
"of the Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital "
"edition</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Arabic Lunar Stations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient "
"Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip "
"around the sky."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:5
msgid "Historical Overview"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"Originally, <em>Manāzil al-Qamar</em>, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, "
"or stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots "
"in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its "
"monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar "
"stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the "
"authority of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup>. However, this system had been adopted "
"already in the pre-Islamic period, prior to the 7th century of the common "
"era."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to "
"divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days "
"each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are "
"called <em>Anwāʾ</em>, plural of <em>nawʾ</em>. Each <em>Nawʾ</em> is "
"determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning "
"during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning "
"of the next <em>nawʾ</em>. The name of the <em>nawʾ</em> (period of time, "
"half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting "
"and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a "
"solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict "
"weather, especially rain <sup><a href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup>. The "
"Arabs said: each <em>nawʾ</em> (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a "
"distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-3\">[3]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of "
"their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological "
"knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the <em>Book of "
"meteorology</em> (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah "
"(b. 828 - d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it "
"was printed in India in 1956 <sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of "
"agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of "
"observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been "
"written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 "
"mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions "
"was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his "
"book <em>Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes</em>, attributed to "
"Muḥammad al-Maqri (1578-1638) <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup>. A sample treatise is the one written by "
"Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled <em>A time-table for "
"farmers</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "Current Usage of Lunar Stations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are "
"still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes "
"these times <sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup>. The following is an "
"example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days "
"period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station <em>al-Thurayya</em> "
"(Pleiades) on June 7th <sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9]</a></sup>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells "
"gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to "
"disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to "
"irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when "
"grapes start to get its color."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Identification of the Lunar Stations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book <em>Kitāb al-anwāʾ</em> "
"gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an "
"accurate identification can be extracted from the <em>Book of Stars</em> by "
"al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs "
"to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations.  An example of al-Sufi definitions "
"of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of "
"<em>al-Ġafr</em> <sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><blockquote>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the "
"garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] "
"<em>al-Ghafr</em> which is the 15th lunar mansion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it "
"is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "The 28 lunar stations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الشرطان) <em>Al-Sharaṭān</em> (The two signs) or (Arabic: "
"الأشراط) <em>\"al-Ashrāṭ\"</em> (The signs) composed of the 3 "
"stars: α Ari (Hamal), β Ari (Sheratan) and γ<sup>2</sup> Ari (Mesarthim)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"(Arabic: البطين) <em>Al-Buṭayn</em> (The small belly [of the little "
"ram]) composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> "
"Ari"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الثريا) <em>Al-Thurayyā</em> (Pleiades) composed of the star "
"cluster of the Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الدبران) <em>Al-Dabarān</em> (The Follower [of the "
"Pleiades]) composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الهقعة) <em>Al-Haqʿah</em> (The mark on the horse side) "
"composed of the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), "
"φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and φ<sup>2</sup> Ori"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الهنعة<em>Al-Hanʿah</em> (The bend in the neck of a camel) "
"composed of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الذراع) <em>Al-Dhirāʾ</em> (Retracted arm [of the lion]) "
"composed of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"(Arabic: النثرة) <em>Al-Nathrah</em> (The tip of the nose of the lion) "
"composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) "
"and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الطرف) <em>Al-Ṭarf</em> (The eyes of the lion) composed of "
"the 2 stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:42
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الجبهة) <em>Al-Ǧabhah</em> (The forehead of the lion) "
"composed of 4 stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo "
"and α Leo (Regulus)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الزبرة) <em>Al-Zubrah</em> (The mane of the lion) composed of "
"the 2 stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:44
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الصرفة) <em>Al-Ṣarfah</em> (The change to colder weather) "
"composed of one star: β Leo (Denebola)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"(Arabic: العوا) <em>Al-ʿAwwā</em> (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β "
"Vir (Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir "
"(Vindemiatrix)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"(Arabic: السماك) <em>Al-Simāk</em> (The unarmed high one) composed of "
"the star α Vir (Spica)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الغفر)  <em>Al-Ġafr</em> (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι "
"Vir (Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الزبانى)  <em>Al-Zubānā</em> (The claws of the scorpion) "
"composed of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib "
"(Zubeneschamali)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الإكليل)  <em>Al-Iklīl</em> (The ornamented headband, The "
"diadem) composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco "
"(Dschubba) and π Sco."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"(Arabic: القلب)  <em>Al-Qalb</em> (The heart of the scorpion) composed "
"of the star α Sco (Antares)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:51
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الشولة)  <em>Al-Shawlah</em> (The sting of the scorpion) "
"composed of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"(Arabic: النعائم)  <em>Al-Naʿaʾim</em> (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 "
"Sgr, δ Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"(Arabic: البلدة<em>Al-Baldah</em> (The empty area) is the area where "
"there are no stars (between <em>al-Naayem</em> and <em>Saad al-Thabih</em>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:54
msgid ""
"(Arabic: سعد الذابح)  <em>Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ</em> (The lucky star "
"of the Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>1</sup> Cap (Algedi), β "
"Cap (Dabih), and ν Cap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:55
msgid ""
"(Arabic: سعد بلع)  <em>Saʿd Bulaʿ</em> (The lucky star of the "
"swallower) composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:56
msgid ""
"(Arabic: سعد السعود)  <em>Saʿd al-Suʿūd</em> (The luckiest of "
"the lucky stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ "
"Cap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:57
msgid ""
"(Arabic: سعد الأخبية)  <em>Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah</em> (The lucky "
"stars of the tent dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π "
"Aqr, ζ<sup>2</sup> Aqr and η Aqr"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:58
msgid ""
"(Arabic: المقدم)  <em>Al-Muqaddam</em> (The front bucket mouth) "
"composed of the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:59
msgid ""
"(Arabic: المؤخر)  <em>Al-Muʾaḫar</em> (The rear bucket mouth) "
"composed of the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:60
msgid ""
"(Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت)  <em>Al-Rishāʾ</em> or "
"<em>al-Ḥūt</em> (The rope of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the "
"star β And (Mirach) and two arcs of stars making a figure of a fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:64
msgid ""
"One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that "
"they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 "
"degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of "
"these stars a lion figure can be constructed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:67
msgid ""
"Two of the lunar stations, <em>al-Haqʿah</em> and <em>al-Hanʿah</em>, are "
"part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus "
"some stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of "
"a woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably "
"influenced from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows "
"Babylonian as well as Greek traces of constellations).  Mr. Roland Laffitte "
"discussed these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: "
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-vault\">Our "
"Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault</a>. A more detailed discussion of "
"ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des Arabes&quot; "
"<sup><a href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:70
msgid ""
"In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms "
"have been added."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:73
msgid ""
"Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M "
"Hoffmann."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:78
msgid ""
"[1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton "
"1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:79
msgid ""
"[2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and "
"Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, "
"Kunitzsch P. p 520"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:80
msgid ""
"[3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic "
"print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:81
msgid ""
"[4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and "
"Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:82
msgid ""
"[5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad "
"al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie "
"orientale, 1899."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:83
msgid ""
"[6]: <a href=\"http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm\">Muhammad al-Muqrī "
"poem</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:84
msgid ""
"[7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers <em>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala "
"hisaab al-shuthoor</em> (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب "
"الشثور) ISBN 9960-49-971-5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:85
msgid ""
"[8]: <a href=\"http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/\">Official Calendar</a> of the "
"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:86
msgid ""
"[9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture "
"Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:87
msgid ""
"[10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with "
"commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب "
"الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر "
"الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد "
"بن عبد الله ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:88
msgid ""
"[11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation "
"into French)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/arabic_lunar_stations/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "[12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Aztec"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had "
"great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both "
"agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was "
"lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental "
"America in the 16th century."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is "
"preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient "
"Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with "
"drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, "
"meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as "
"<em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means "
"written book."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"After the Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, "
"their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials "
"such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no "
"text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican "
"customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some "
"native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial "
"Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new "
"techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also "
"because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and "
"Nahuatl."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:6
msgid "<em>Astronomical building</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really "
"small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and "
"astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the "
"<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial "
"manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for "
"Stellarium."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "<em>Mamalhuaztli</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it "
"represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration "
"celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named "
"<em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with "
"the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "<em>Tianquiztli</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas "
"<em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that "
"gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a "
"circle with goods."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"Currently, in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called "
"<em>Tianguis</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<em>Citlaltlachtli</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means "
"the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance "
"and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball "
"within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "<em>Xonecuilli</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which "
"means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is "
"represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and "
"poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern "
"Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For "
"its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of "
"letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "<em>xonecuilli</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "<em>Citlalcolotl</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of "
"stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc "
"also mentions the scorpion star and he called it <em>Colotlixayac</em>, "
"which means face of a scorpion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "<em>Paris Codex</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in "
"this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the "
"Celestial Dragon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:29 ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:237
msgid "Conclusion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:30
msgid ""
"It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are "
"still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to "
"represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to "
"preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2969 ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:14 ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:29 ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:50 ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:7 ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:86 ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:25 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:273 ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:7 ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:62 ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:6 ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:3 ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:41 ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:4 ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:17 ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:53 ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:14 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:12 ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:73
msgid "External links"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html\">Fuego "
"Nuevo</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm\">Constelaciones "
"Prehisp&#225;nicas</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf\">The Question "
"of the Zodiac in America</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html\">Aztec "
"Mythology</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF\">Los c&#243;dices de "
"M&#233;xico</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico\">Los "
"c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm\">Real "
"c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva "
"Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "<a href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli\">Akapochtli</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false\">Iconograf&#237;a "
"mexicana, Volumen 3</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html\">El "
"C&#243;dice Par&#237;s</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html\">El "
"nacimiento del sol y la luna</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://aulex.org/nah-es/\">Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - "
"espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html\">Tlachtli</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:51 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:527 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:467
msgid "Thanks to"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "Martha Patricia Rivera"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "Hector Vega"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:57 ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "Rafael Rojas Segoviano"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "Juan Caballero"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "SAAGS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "<strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "<a href=\"mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com\">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/aztec/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "English translation by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Babylonian &mdash; MUL.APIN"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek "
"one, is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the "
"12th century BCE.  The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE "
"but the celestial data in the text suggests a much earlier origin of the "
"observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"<i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper "
"(courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five "
"lists of different content.  On the first tablet, there is the so called "
"\"star catalogue\" (a list of names of stars and constellations), followed "
"by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu "
"(culminating) asterisms, and the list of constellations in the lunar path.  "
"The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the "
"sundial and rules for omina."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Zodiac"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.  It is not "
"preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to "
"Greek mathematical astronomy.  We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd "
"ct. BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)  with a "
"zodiac divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations "
"from the 4th century BCE suggest a much earlier invention because the "
"concept of the zodiac of 360° was very likely well established in "
"Babylonian mathematical astronomy before it was copied by Greek "
"mathematicians.  Taking Eudoxus' writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, "
"we extrapolate a date for the genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before "
"400 BCE.  In other fragments of mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 "
"BCE) the concept of the zodiac is not present.  Some scholars argue for the "
"6th century BCE as date of invention - but to be honest, we don't know.  The "
"common sense is that the zodiac was probably invented around the middle of "
"the 1st millennium BCE."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of "
"the Moon.  There are lists of constellations or \"gods who stand in the path "
"of the Moon, through whose region the Moon during a month [passes "
"repeatedly] and keeps touching them.\" (cited from the edition by Hunger and "
"Steele, 2018, p. 143).  This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not "
"considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are "
"not highlighted."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Planets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the "
"compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.  It is not a real star catalogue "
"because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given "
"there are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects "
"such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we "
"layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The "
"catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have "
"a fixed position.  However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to mention "
"them for a complete set of objects in the sky.  They are usually denoted (or "
"drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the later Greek "
"<em>hypsomata</em> - but Greek astrology provided two <em>hypsomata</em> per "
"planet while Babylonian had only one)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in "
"the sky and not of the gods associated with them.  The list below shows that "
"almost every asterism was associated with a deity.  According to Babylonian "
"belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one on Earth as "
"statue in the temple.  That means a celestial object `is' not the deity but "
"only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case for the "
"planets.  For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the goddess of "
"sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war, the Sumerian Inanna/ "
"Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.  This goddess was "
"later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and even in the "
"Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet was Phosphoros (Greek: the "
"Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but associated with "
"the goddess.  Similar cases exist for most of the constellations and single "
"stars listed in MUL.APIN."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object "
"in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated "
"deity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Star Catalogue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by "
"Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018), gives translations by Manfred Krebernik "
"(published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) "
"and identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations "
"(work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche "
"Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:57 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:273 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:407 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:21 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:209 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:347
msgid "constellation number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:58 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:274 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:408
msgid "asterism to be \"explained\" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:59 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:275 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:409
msgid "\"explanation\" (e.g. related deity)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:60 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:276 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:410 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:24 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:212 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:350
msgid "position in the sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:64 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:70
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:71
msgid "seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:76 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:82 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:84 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:196 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:342 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:446 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:51 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:155 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:293 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:393
msgid "in"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:88 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:94 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:63
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little "
"Twins)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:100 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:106 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:107
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:112
msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:113
msgid "STAR (of the) King"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:114 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "Regulus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:118
msgid "twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:119
msgid ""
"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:130
msgid "STAR in front of it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:131
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:132 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:330 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:101 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:279
msgid "or"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:136 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:230 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:298 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:328
msgid "STAR behind it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:137
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:142
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:143
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:147
msgid "15"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:148
msgid "STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:149
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the "
"strong of the gods"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:150
msgid "Alcor (80 UMa)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:154
msgid "STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:155
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:160
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA(Hitched yoke?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:161
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:166
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA(Wagon of heaven)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:167
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:168 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:137
msgid "somewhere betw UMi and Vega?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:172
msgid "STAR in its bond"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:173
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i>(Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), "
"foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:179
msgid "The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:183
msgid "The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:188 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:147
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:189
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Gula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:194
msgid "STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:195
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:200 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:159
msgid "bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:201
msgid ""
"<sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Gu-la)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:206 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:450
msgid "2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:207
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:212
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:213
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:218
msgid "STAR to the right of it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:219
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:224
msgid "STAR to the left of it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:225
msgid "<sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:231
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:236
msgid "twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:237
msgid ""
"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:242
msgid "red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:243
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:248
msgid "When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:252
msgid "big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:253
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:254
msgid "Milky Way???"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:258
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:259
msgid "Jupiter [hypsoma]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:263
msgid "33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:267
msgid ""
"<b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of "
"caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer "
"which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The "
"planets, we highlighted in blue.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:268
msgid ""
"<b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 "
"asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) "
"there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the "
"authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are "
"several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all "
"versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them "
"here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the "
"scientific community.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:280 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:217
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:281
msgid ""
"seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:286
msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:287
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:292
msgid "STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:293
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:299
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:304
msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:305
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:310
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:311
msgid ""
"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:316 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:263
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN "
"(<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:317
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:322 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:270
msgid "Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:323
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
msgid "3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><notr><sub>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:324 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:272
msgid "4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:329
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:334
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:335
msgid ""
"<i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:336 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:286
msgid "Sirius +"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:340
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:341
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:346
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:347
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:352
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:353
msgid "Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:358
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:359
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:364 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:319
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:365
msgid "Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:366 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:321
msgid "circa Lib"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:370 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:326
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:371
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:376
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the "
"sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:381
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and "
"crosses the sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:382 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Mars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:386
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, "
"Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:387
msgid "Saturn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:391
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, "
"Mercury), whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the "
"West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it "
"disappears"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:393
msgid "Mercury"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:397
msgid "23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:402
msgid ""
"<b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a \"+\" sign in the column of the modern "
"counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to "
"this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure "
"that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at "
"least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is "
"the Eagle next to another constellation named \"the Corpse\". This could "
"possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "
"\"Eagle with Antinuos\" but it can also be independent - that is why, we "
"give \"Aql+\".</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:414 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:355
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:415
msgid ""
"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:420
msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:421 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:427
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:426 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:370
msgid "STAR of (the city of) Eridu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:432 ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:444
msgid "STAR to its right"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:433
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:438 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:384
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:439
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:445
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of "
"<sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is "
"visible"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:451
msgid ""
"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, "
"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:456
msgid "STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:457
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:462
msgid "STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:463
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:468 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:416
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:469
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td><i>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:474
msgid "</i>(Breast of the Scorpion)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:475
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:476 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:424 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Antares"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:480
msgid ""
"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:481
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:486
msgid "STAR behind them"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:487
msgid "<sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:492
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:493
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:498
msgid "15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:503 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "Source(s)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:504
msgid ""
"The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some "
"years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.  In some cases they "
"deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other "
"scholars since 1950 or earlier.  Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) "
"allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's "
"dissertation thesis (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek "
"culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were "
"developed during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten "
"together with other, mainly German, planetariums.  A first scientific "
"article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared "
"in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius "
"Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.  Further publications are in preparation "
"(e.g. together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre "
"Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter \"Further Reading\" below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:513
msgid "Sources / Further Reading"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:515
msgid ""
"British Museum <a "
"href=\"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001\">Image "
"Tablet No 152339001</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
msgid "fr"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:516
msgid ""
"Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium "
"MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:517
msgid ""
"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <a "
"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:518
msgid ""
"Susanne M. Hoffmann: <em>History of Constellations as popularization of "
"uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung "
"der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:519
msgid ""
"Susanne M. Hoffmann and M. Krebernik: <em>What do deities tell us about the "
"celestial positioning system?</em> in: Proceedings of the Rencontre "
"Assyriologique Internationale 2018 (In preparation)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:523
msgid ""
"This sky culture originates from many years of research by several "
"scholars.  We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly "
"deserve to be cited according to the common rules.  This sky culture is "
"provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do "
"not change it without consulting the contributors, and cite the "
"contributors). Thank you!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:528
msgid ""
"The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the "
"stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.  As an "
"astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very "
"enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:531
msgid "Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:532
msgid "Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:533 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:470
msgid ""
"Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of "
"German-speaking Planetariums)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:534
msgid "Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:535 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:471
msgid "Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:540
msgid ""
"The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to "
"Stellarium:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:541
msgid "<em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:542
msgid ""
"Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and "
"Susanne M Hoffmann)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
msgid "written in English:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_mulapin/description.en.utf8:543
msgid "SMH"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Babylonian &mdash; Seleucid"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of "
"Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN "
"(already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have "
"developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there "
"is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed "
"to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to "
"the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with "
"regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since "
"several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there "
"is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in "
"MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, "
"in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions "
"of the constellations around the ecliptic."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the "
"constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of "
"MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture "
"for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression "
"of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "Single Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars "
"preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky "
"culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> "
"lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "
"\"normal stars\" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin \"norma\" = "
"the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the "
"Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error "
"concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes "
"huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can "
"be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the "
"modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 "
"and some of the other papers given in \"Further Reading\". The book by "
"Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and "
"more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for "
"many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his "
"translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late "
"Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:22 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:210 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:348
msgid "asterism"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:23 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:211 ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:349
msgid "our commentary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:36
msgid "\"wolf\" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:87
msgid ""
"twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: "
"&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:93
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:99
msgid "STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:105
msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:111
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:117
msgid ""
"STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:119
msgid "Alcor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:123
msgid ""
"STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:129
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:141
msgid ""
"STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the "
"Ema&#7723;-temple)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:153
msgid ""
"STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:165
msgid ""
"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and "
"<sup>GOD</sup>Errakal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:171
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:172
msgid ""
"In Late Babylonian language (\"dictionaries\") a new reading of this "
"constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "
"\"nimru\" translating to \"the Panther\"; the old demon at this place seems "
"to have been replaced."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:177
msgid "STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:183
msgid "STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:189
msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:190
msgid ""
"We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther "
"occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in "
"this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the \"Field "
"Mouse\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:195
msgid ""
"twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): "
"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:201
msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:223
msgid ""
"STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:224
msgid ""
"the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier "
"version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:229
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:230
msgid ""
"Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was "
"shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained "
"without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but "
"nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band "
"connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of "
"Anunitu."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:236
msgid ""
"STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:237
msgid ""
"Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is "
"another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was "
"equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:242
msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:243
msgid ""
"Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the "
"Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU "
"(sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely "
"a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not "
"supposed to really look like a sheep."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:249
msgid "STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:250
msgid ""
"Old Babylonian termed only \"the Star Cluster\", Middle Babylonian insists "
"to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason "
"unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term \"the Bristle\" on the "
"neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:256
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and "
"<sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:257
msgid ""
"The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of "
"Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains "
"its depiction in the sky). The \"Jaw\" are the Hyades."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:258
msgid "and Hyades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:277
msgid "STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:278
msgid ""
"Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make "
"any sense to me: \"behind\" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very "
"bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him \"pro "
"kyon\" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures "
"Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for "
"them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, "
"important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a "
"crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:284
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:285
msgid ""
"The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, "
"there are multiple options."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:291
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:292
msgid ""
"I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing "
"options)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:298
msgid "STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:305
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:312
msgid "<sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:313
msgid ""
"The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess "
"&Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for "
"the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:320
msgid ""
"Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion "
"this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in "
"early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier "
"versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not "
"part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the "
"Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) "
"does not need so much space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:327
msgid "Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:332
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> "
"(Corpse)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:333
msgid ""
"The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest "
"figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the "
"Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated "
"with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries "
"preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do "
"not distinguish eagles and vultures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:339
msgid "Path of Anum completed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:356
msgid "Greek \"the Great Fish\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:363
msgid "GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:364
msgid ""
"The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of "
"water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image "
"of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the "
"Greek, they named this figure simply \"the Man with the Water\" or "
"\"Water-Carrier\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:377
msgid "STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:378
msgid ""
"Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where "
"this asterism is to be located."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:385
msgid "still unclear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:391
msgid ""
"STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in "
"the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:392
msgid ""
"still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the "
"Milky Way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:397
msgid ""
"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and "
"<sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:398
msgid "no hints, no clue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:403
msgid ""
"STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: "
"STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:404
msgid "should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:410
msgid ""
"STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:422
msgid "</i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:423
msgid "single star name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:428
msgid ""
"2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and "
"<sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:429
msgid ""
"Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and "
"re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:434
msgid "STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:435
msgid ""
"The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily "
"be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:440
msgid ""
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) "
"<sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:441
msgid ""
"Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms "
"designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs "
"before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in "
"Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark "
"was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That "
"explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur "
"standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it "
"should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tbody><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:447
msgid "Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:452 ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Further Reading"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:454
msgid "Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:455
msgid "Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:456
msgid ""
"Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, "
"Brill, Leiden."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:457
msgid ""
"Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical "
"compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:458
msgid ""
"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <a "
"href=\"https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821\">Hipparchs "
"Himmelsglobus</a>, Springer, Wiesbaden, New York."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:459
msgid ""
"Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), <em>History of Constellations as popularization "
"of uranometry</em> in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: <a "
"href=\"https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/\">Popularisierung "
"der Astronomie</a>, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:460
msgid ""
"Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets "
"Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:461
msgid ""
"Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen "
"(Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:462
msgid ""
"many publications on <i>ziqpu</i> star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John "
"M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in "
"the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is "
"why we do not list them in detail here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:465
msgid ""
"This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND 4.0 (international) licence "
"(noncommercial use only, share-alike, do not change it without consulting "
"the contributors, and please cite the contributors). Thank you!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:468
msgid ""
"Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and "
"development time in their domes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:476
msgid "The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:477
msgid "the Babylonian constellation lines and images were prepared by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/babylonian_seleucid/description.en.utf8:478
msgid "<em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Belarusian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in "
"Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, "
"Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the "
"northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land "
"and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is "
"exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional "
"knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present "
"time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms "
"have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the "
"Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as <em>simply</em> "
"a large cart."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "The Bride"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "The Chicks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "The Goat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "The Grass Snakes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the "
"Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner "
"of people mowing the fields."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies "
"revolve."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "The Ploughman"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "The Rake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "The Ram"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star "
"that always stands in the same place"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of "
"<i>zhito</i> through it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "The Twins"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "The Goose's Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://aviti.livejournal.com\">Belarussian Folk Astronomy</a> The "
"author's website, in Belarusian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy\">Belarusian "
"Ethnoastronomy.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement\">Ethnoastronomical "
"aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs\">Meteor "
"Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs\">Meteor "
"Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs\">Astronyms "
"in Belarussian folk beliefs.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander "
"Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article <b>Astronyms in Belarussian Folk "
"Beliefs</b> by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal "
"Archaeologia Baltica."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/belarusian/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Illustrations by Johan Meuris."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:1 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Boorong"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell "
"(North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of "
"their stories relating to the night sky.  Some forty stars, constellations "
"and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and "
"related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in "
"1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European "
"equivalent.  What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial "
"phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way "
"the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to "
"create the constellation figures in Stellarium."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William "
"Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more "
"of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Constellations and other celestial objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "<b>Name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "<b>Explanation</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "<b>Celestial Clue</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Berm-berm-gle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Red-kneed dotterel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Night; small mallee; starry firmament"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "Starry firmament at night"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "Bunya"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Ring-tail possum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Top star in Southern Cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "Chargee Gnowee"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "Elder sister, sister of the sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:39
msgid "Bittur"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "Larvae of the woodant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "Collenbitchick"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Species of ant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "Double star in head of Capricornus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Collowgulloric War"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "Female crow, wife of War"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "Eta Carinae"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "Colowgulloric Warepil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Female eagle, wife of Warepil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "Rigel In Orion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Djuit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "Red-rumped parrot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "Gellarlec"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Pink cockatoo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "Aldebaran"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "Ginabongbearp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:70
msgid "Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:71 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "Jupiter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "Gnowee"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Day; Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:76 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:66 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:16 ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:141 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:79
msgid "Karik Karik"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "Two stars at end of Scorpius"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:84
msgid "Kourt-chin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:85
msgid "Male and female brolga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:86
msgid "Clouds of Magellan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "Kulkanbulla"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "Two teenage boys"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:91
msgid "Belt and Scabbard of Orion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:94
msgid "Lamankurrk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "Girls, young women"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:99
msgid "Marpeankurrk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:100
msgid "Meat ant; treecreeper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:101 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "Arcturus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:104
msgid "Millee"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:105
msgid "Murray River"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:106 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:111
msgid "Part of the Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:109
msgid "Mindi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:110
msgid "The maned snake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:114
msgid "Mityan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:115
msgid "Quoll"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:116 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:67 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:21 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "Moon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:119
msgid "Neilloan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:120
msgid "Mallee fowl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:121
msgid "Lyra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "Nurrumbunguttias"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:126
msgid "White aura of the Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:129
msgid "Otchocut"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:130
msgid "Great fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:134
msgid "Porkelong toute"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Loss of tooth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:136
msgid "Shooting star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:139
msgid "Pupperimbul"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:140
msgid "Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:141
msgid "Carried the emu egg to become the Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:144
msgid "Purra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:145
msgid "Red kangaroo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:146
msgid "Capella"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:149
msgid "Tchingal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:150
msgid "The tall one; emu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:151
msgid "Dark space near Cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:154
msgid "Totyarguil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:155
msgid "Purple crowned lorikeet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:156
msgid "Altair"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:159
msgid "Tourchingboiongerra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:160
msgid "Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:161 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:126
msgid "Coma Berenices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:164
msgid "Tourte"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:165
msgid "Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:166
msgid "Any star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:169
msgid "Tyrille"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:170 ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:171
msgid "Space; night sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:174
msgid "Unurgunite"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:175
msgid "Jacky lizard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:176
msgid "Sigma Canis Majoris"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:179
msgid "Wanjel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:180
msgid "Long-necked tortoise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:181
msgid "Pollux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:184
msgid "War"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:185
msgid "Crow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:189
msgid "Warepil"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:190
msgid "Wedge tailed eagle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:194
msgid "Warring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:195
msgid "Galaxy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:196 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:7 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:199
msgid "Weetkurrk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:200
msgid "Singing bushlark"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:201
msgid "Star in Bootes west of Arcturus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:204
msgid "Won"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:205
msgid "Boomerang"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:206 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:121
msgid "Corona Australis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:209
msgid "Yerredetkurrk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:210
msgid "Owlet nightjar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:211
msgid "Achernar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:214
msgid "Yurree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:215
msgid "Fan-tailed cockatoo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:216
msgid "Castor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/boorong/description.en.utf8:221
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i><a "
"href=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://www.johnmorieson.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Morieson</a></i> "
"and <i><a href=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://www.terrastro.com\" rel=\"nofollow\">Alex Cherney</a></i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Chinese Traditional Sky Culture"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system "
"to connect the stars, known as \"Xingguan\" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: "
"xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has "
"far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and "
"planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of "
"evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to "
"19th centuries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 "
"Chinese star names from <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: "
"仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and <i>The Continuation of "
"Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: "
"Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> is an "
"imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial "
"Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published <i>The "
"Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>, which is the major "
"reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi "
"Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his "
"book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> "
"(Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào "
"Héngxīng Túbiǎo)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside "
"<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0</i> and "
"<i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"In addition, some stars have been added according to <i>The History of "
"Stellar Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: "
"Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ)  by Pan Nai, if these stars are not "
"certified in <i> Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
"Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"If the star name is followed by a \"*\", it is a star added according to "
"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"If the star name is followed by a \"?\", it is a star added according to "
"<i>The History of Stellar Observation in China</i>, but cannot be fully "
"certified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Sun, Moon and Planets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient "
"Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element "
"concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, "
"Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth "
"Star."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "
"\"great\" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: "
"太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: "
"Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, "
"Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name "
"for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: "
"七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and "
"Yang."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "Xingguans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere "
"into asterisms or constellations, known as \"Xingguan\". Modern "
"constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans "
"refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries "
"between Xingguans."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the "
"mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the "
"Earth's way in the sky to copy a world."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic "
"tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only "
"one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 "
"Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are "
"divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: "
"二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three "
"Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to "
"the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are "
"getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by "
"astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded "
"in <i>Complete Studies of Astronomical</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around "
"the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; "
"pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming "
"Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 "
"Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional "
"Chinese system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial "
"Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but "
"changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to "
"almost every Xingguan, called \"added stars\" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: "
"zēngxīng). The original stars are called \"primary stars\" (Chinese: "
"正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has "
"a number.  The name of the stars in <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies "
"of Astronomical</i> is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few "
"Xingguans, each star has a special name."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"In this way, <i>The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical</i> has "
"300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the "
"official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star "
"names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than "
"Western names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "<em>Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Three Enclosures"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the "
"ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: "
"紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: "
"太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: "
"天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which "
"are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There "
"are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this "
"Enclosure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the "
"northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient "
"Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is "
"circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa "
"Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and "
"parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden "
"enclosure has 37 Xingguans."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure\">Purple "
"Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers "
"deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of "
"officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations "
"Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and "
"Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure\">Supreme "
"Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:42
msgid ""
"Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary "
"people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations "
"Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of "
"Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after "
"the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:44
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure\">Heavenly "
"Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) "
"also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the "
"ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 "
"regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion "
"(Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion "
"every day to rest."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the "
"main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:51
msgid ""
"Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; "
"pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight "
"Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial "
"coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative "
"stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: "
"宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial "
"coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the "
"Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial "
"mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each "
"Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also "
"changed in history."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the "
"determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial "
"pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:54
msgid ""
"If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its "
"right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, "
"the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the "
"determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; "
"pinyin: rùxiùdù)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:55
msgid ""
"Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: "
"qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north "
"celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial "
"sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together "
"constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:56
msgid ""
"The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; "
"pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing "
"seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between "
"the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk "
"on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, "
"the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the "
"Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Seven Luminaries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "Wood"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "Metal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Earth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:68
msgid "Fire"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "Water"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:72 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:160 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:248 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:336 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:440 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2910
msgid "Chinese Name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:83 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:171 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:259 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:347 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:441 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2911
msgid "Pinyin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:94 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:182 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:270 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:358 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:442 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2912
msgid "Translation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "Azure Dragon of the East"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:96 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1016
msgid "Horn Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:97 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1100
msgid "Neck Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:98 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1156
msgid "Root Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:99 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1240
msgid "Room Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:100 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1303
msgid "Heart Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:101 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1324
msgid "Tail Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:102 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1373
msgid "Winnowing Basket Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:105 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:193 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:281 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:369
msgid "Number of xingguans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:116 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:204 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:292 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:380
msgid "Determinative Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:127 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:215 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:303 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:391
msgid "RA of Determinative Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:138 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:226 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:314 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:402
msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:149 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:237 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:325 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:413
msgid "Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:183
msgid "Black Tortoise of the North"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:184 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1401
msgid "Dipper Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:185 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1478
msgid "Ox Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:186 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1562
msgid "Girl Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:187 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1625
msgid "Emptiness Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:188 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1702
msgid "Rooftop Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:189 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1786
msgid "Encampment Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:190 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1870
msgid "Wall Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:271
msgid "White Tiger of the West"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:272 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1919
msgid "Legs Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:273 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1989
msgid "Bond Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:274 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2038
msgid "Stomach Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:275 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2094
msgid "Hairy Head Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:276 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2164
msgid "Net Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:277 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2276
msgid "Turtle Beak Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:278 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2304
msgid "Three Stars Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:359
msgid "Vermilion Bird of the South"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:360 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2360
msgid "Well Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:361 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2507
msgid "Ghosts Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:362 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2563
msgid "Willow Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:363 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2584 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2591
msgid "Star Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:364 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2626
msgid "Extended Net Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:365 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2647
msgid "Wings Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:366 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2668
msgid "Chariot Mansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:424
msgid "note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:425
msgid ""
"note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate "
"system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li><notr><a>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:428
msgid "Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:432 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2731
msgid "The Southern Sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:434
msgid ""
"The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient "
"Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and "
"Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi "
"(Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans "
"based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated "
"into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually "
"variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after "
"animals."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:436
msgid "The list of Xingguans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:443
msgid "Number of Primary Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:444
msgid "Number of Added Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:449
msgid "Purple Forbidden Enclosure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:456
msgid "Northern Pole"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:463
msgid "Four Advisors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:470
msgid "Celestial Great One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:477
msgid "First Great One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:484
msgid "Purple Forbidden Left Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:491
msgid "Purple Forbidden Right Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:498
msgid "Hidden Virtue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:505
msgid "Royal Secretary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:512
msgid "Female Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:519
msgid "Official of Royal Archives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:526
msgid "Maids-in-waiting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:533
msgid "Celestial Pillar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:540
msgid "Chief Judge"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:547
msgid "Curved Array"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:554
msgid "Six Jia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:561
msgid "Great Emperor of Heaven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:568
msgid "Interior Seats of the Five Emperors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:575
msgid "Canopy of the Emperor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:582
msgid "Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:589
msgid "Guest House"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:596
msgid "Inner Steps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:603
msgid "Celestial Kitchen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:610
msgid "Eight Kinds of Crops"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:617
msgid "Celestial Flail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:624
msgid "Inner Kitchen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:631
msgid "Administrative Center"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:638
msgid "Three Top Instructors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:645 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:757
msgid "Three Excellencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:652
msgid "Celestial Bed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:659
msgid "Royals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:666
msgid "Celestial Prison"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:673
msgid "Guard of the Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:680
msgid "Eunuch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:687
msgid "Prime Minister"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:694
msgid "Sombre Lance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:701
msgid "Judge for Nobility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:708
msgid "Northern Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:715
msgid "Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:722
msgid "Celestial Spear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:729
msgid "Supreme Palace Enclosure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:736
msgid "Supreme Palace Left Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:743
msgid "Supreme Palace Right Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:750
msgid "Usher to the Court"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:764
msgid "Nine Senior Officers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:771
msgid "Five Lords"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:778
msgid "Inner Screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:785
msgid "Seats of the Five Emperors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:792
msgid "Officer of Honour"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:799
msgid "Crown Prince"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:806 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1296
msgid "Retinue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:813
msgid "Captain of the Bodyguards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:820
msgid "Emperor's Bodyguard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:827
msgid "Royal Guards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:834
msgid "Officers of the Imperial Guard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:841
msgid "The Hall of Glory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:848
msgid "Astronomical Observatory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:855
msgid "Junior Officers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:862
msgid "Long Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:869
msgid "Three Steps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:876
msgid "Heavenly Market Enclosure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:883
msgid "Heavenly Market Left Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:890
msgid "Heavenly Market Right Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:897
msgid "Municipal Office"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:904
msgid "Commodity Market"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:911
msgid "Official for the Royal Clan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:918
msgid "Official of Religious Ceremonies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:925
msgid "Patriarchal Clan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:932
msgid "Textile Ruler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:939
msgid "Butcher's Shops"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:946
msgid "Astrologer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:953
msgid "Emperor's Seat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:960
msgid "Eunuch Official"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:967
msgid "Jewel Market"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:974
msgid "Dipper for Liquids"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:981
msgid "Dipper for Solids"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:988
msgid "Coiled Thong"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:995
msgid "Seven Excellencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1002
msgid "Celestial Discipline"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1009
msgid "Woman's Bed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1023
msgid "Horn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1030
msgid "Flat Road"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1037 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1492
msgid "Celestial Farmland"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1044
msgid "Recommending Virtuous Men"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1051
msgid "Tripod of the Zhou"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1058
msgid "Celestial Gate"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1065
msgid "Justice"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1072
msgid "Arsenal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1079 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2227
msgid "Pillars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1086
msgid "Railings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1093
msgid "Southern Gate"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1107
msgid "Neck"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1114
msgid "Great Horn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1121
msgid "Left Conductor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1128
msgid "Right Conductor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1135
msgid "Trials"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1142
msgid "Gate of Yang"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1149
msgid "Executions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1163
msgid "Root"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1170
msgid "Celestial Milk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1177
msgid "Twinkling Indicator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1184
msgid "Celestial Lance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1191
msgid "Mattress of the Emperor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1198
msgid "Boats and Lake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1205
msgid "Battle Chariots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1212
msgid "Imperial Guards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1219
msgid "Chariots and Cavalry"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1226
msgid "Celestial Spokes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1233
msgid "Chariots and Cavalry General"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1247
msgid "Room"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1254
msgid "Lock (Vassal of Room)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1261
msgid "Door Bolt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1268
msgid "Punishment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1275
msgid "Eastern Door"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1282
msgid "Western Door"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1289
msgid "Solar Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1310 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "Heart"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1317
msgid "Group of Soldiers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1331 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "Tail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1338
msgid "Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1345
msgid "Tortoise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1352
msgid "Celestial River"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1359
msgid "Fu Yue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1366 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2926
msgid "Fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1380
msgid "Winnowing Basket"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1387
msgid "Chaff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1394 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1730
msgid "Pestle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1408
msgid "Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1415
msgid "Establishment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1422
msgid "Celestial Keyhole"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1429
msgid "Market Officer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1436
msgid "River Turtle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1443
msgid "Celestial Cock"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1450
msgid "Territory of Dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1457
msgid "Celestial Spring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1464 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:399 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:241 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
msgid "Dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1471
msgid "Peasant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1485
msgid "Ox"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1499
msgid "Nine Water Wells"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1506
msgid "Drum at the River"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1513
msgid "Weaving Girl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1520
msgid "Left Flag"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1527
msgid "Right Flag"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1534
msgid "Celestial Drumstick"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1541
msgid "Network of Dykes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1548
msgid "Clepsydra Terrace"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1555
msgid "Imperial Passageway"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1569
msgid "Girl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1576
msgid "Twelve States"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1583
msgid "Pearls on Ladies' Wear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1590
msgid "Rotten Gourd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1597
msgid "Good Gourd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1604
msgid "Celestial Ford"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1611
msgid "Xi Zhong"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1618
msgid "Basket for Mulberry Leaves"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1632 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:124
msgid "Emptiness"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1639
msgid "Deified Judge of Life"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1646
msgid "Deified Judge of Rank"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1653
msgid "Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1660
msgid "Deified Judge of Right and Wrong"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1667
msgid "Crying"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1674
msgid "Weeping"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1681
msgid "Celestial Ramparts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1688
msgid "Decayed Mortar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1695
msgid "Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1709
msgid "Rooftop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1716
msgid "Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1723
msgid "Humans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1737
msgid "Mortar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1744
msgid "Big Yard for Chariots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1751
msgid "Celestial Hook"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1758
msgid "Zaofu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1765
msgid "Roofing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1772
msgid "Temple"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1779
msgid "Celestial Money"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1793
msgid "Encampment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1800
msgid "Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1807
msgid "Thunder and Lightning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1814
msgid "Line of Ramparts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1821
msgid "Palace Guard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1828
msgid "Axe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1835
msgid "North Gate of the Military Camp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1842
msgid "Net for Catching Birds"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1849
msgid "Materials for Making Tents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1856
msgid "Official for Materials Supply"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1863
msgid "Flying Serpent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1877 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:145
msgid "Wall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1884
msgid "Thunderbolt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1891
msgid "Cloud and Rain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1898
msgid "Celestial Stable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1905
msgid "Sickle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1912
msgid "Official for Earthworks and Buildings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1926
msgid "Legs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1933
msgid "Outer Fence"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1940
msgid "Celestial Pigsty"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1947 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2717
msgid "Master of Constructions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1954
msgid "Southern Military Gate"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1961
msgid "Flying Corridor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1968
msgid "Auxiliary Road"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1975
msgid "Wang Liang"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1982
msgid "Whip"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:1996
msgid "Bond"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2003
msgid "Official in Charge of the Forest"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2010
msgid "Official in Charge of Pasturing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2017
msgid "Square Celestial Granary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2024
msgid "Ricks of Grain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2031
msgid "Great General of Heaven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2045 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:178
msgid "Stomach"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2052
msgid "Celestial Foodstuff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2059
msgid "Circular Celestial Granary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2066
msgid "Mausoleum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2073
msgid "Celestial Boat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2080
msgid "Heap of Corpses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2087
msgid "Stored Water"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2101
msgid "Hairy Head"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2108
msgid "Celestial Concave"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2115
msgid "Lunar Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2122
msgid "Celestial Yin Force"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2129
msgid "Hay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2136
msgid "Celestial Meadows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2143
msgid "Rolled Tongue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2150
msgid "Celestial Slander"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2157
msgid "Whetstone"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2171
msgid "Net"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2178
msgid "Whisper (Vassal of Net)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2185
msgid "Celestial Street"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2192
msgid "Celestial Tally"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2199
msgid "Feudal Kings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2206
msgid "Celestial High Terrace"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2213
msgid "Interpreters of Nine Dialects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2220
msgid "Five Chariots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2234
msgid "Celestial Pier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2241
msgid "Pool of Harmony"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2248
msgid "Celestial Pass"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2255
msgid "Banner of Three Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2262
msgid "Imperial Military Flag"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2269
msgid "Celestial Orchard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2283
msgid "Turtle Beak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2290
msgid "Deity in Charge of Monsters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2297
msgid "Seat Flags"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2311
msgid "Three Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2318
msgid "Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2325
msgid "Jade Well"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2332
msgid "Screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2339
msgid "Military well"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2346
msgid "Toilet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2353
msgid "Excrement"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2367 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:225
msgid "Well"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2374
msgid "Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2381
msgid "South River"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2388
msgid "North River"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2395
msgid "Celestial Wine Cup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2402
msgid "Five Feudal Kings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2409
msgid "Accumulated Water"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2416
msgid "Pile of Firewood"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2423
msgid "Official for Irrigation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2430
msgid "Water Level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2437
msgid "Four Channels"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2444
msgid "Market for Soldiers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2451
msgid "Wild Cockerel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2458
msgid "Grandfather"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2465
msgid "Son"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2472
msgid "Grandson"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2479
msgid "Palace Gate"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2486
msgid "Celestial Wolf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2493
msgid "Bow and Arrow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2500
msgid "Old Man"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2514
msgid "Ghosts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2521 ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2933
msgid "Cumulative Corpses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2528
msgid "Beacon Fire"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2535
msgid "Celestial Dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2542
msgid "Outer Kitchen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2549
msgid "Celestial Earth God's Temple"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2556
msgid "Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2570 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:239
msgid "Willow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2577
msgid "Banner of Wine Shop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2598
msgid "Celestial Premier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2605
msgid "Celestial Cereals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2612
msgid "Xuanyuan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2619
msgid "High Judge"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2633
msgid "Extended Net"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2640
msgid "Celestial Temple"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2654 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:260
msgid "Wings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2661
msgid "Dongou"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2675
msgid "Chariot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2682
msgid "Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2689
msgid "Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2696
msgid "Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2703
msgid "Green Hill"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2710
msgid "Military Gate"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2724
msgid "House for Musical Instruments"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2738
msgid "Sea and Mountain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2745
msgid "Cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2752
msgid "Horse's Tail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2759
msgid "Horse's Abdomen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2766
msgid "Bee"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2773 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:263 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:139 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:113
msgid "Triangle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2780
msgid "Exotic Bird"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2787
msgid "Peafowl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2794
msgid "Persia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2801
msgid "Snake's Tail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2808
msgid "Snake's Abdomen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2815
msgid "Snake's Head"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2822
msgid "Bird's Beak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2829
msgid "Crane"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2836
msgid "Firebird"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2843
msgid "Crooked Running Water"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2850
msgid "White Patched Nearby"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2857
msgid "White Patches Attached"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2864
msgid "Goldfish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2871
msgid "Sea Rock"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2878
msgid "Flying Fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2885
msgid "Southern Boat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2892
msgid "Little Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2897
msgid "note 1: The Xingguans with \"*\", Was officially deleted in 1752."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2898
msgid ""
"note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the "
"parent Xingguan."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2901
msgid "Deep Space Objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2904
msgid ""
"Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were "
"also included in the Xingguans."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2905
msgid "Include the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2909
msgid "General name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2913
msgid "Nick name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2919
msgid "God's Palace"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2920
msgid "Northern Jewel Box Cluster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2927
msgid "Ptolemy Cluster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2934
msgid "Beehive Cluster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2940
msgid "Arsenal Added I"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2941
msgid "Omega Centauri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2947
msgid "Legs Mansion XXI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2948
msgid "Andromeda Galaxy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2954
msgid "Sea and Mountain II"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2955
msgid "Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2962
msgid ""
"This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside <i>Chinese and Western "
"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i> (Chinese: "
"中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and <i>Complete Studies of "
"Astronomical</i> (Chinese: 仪象考成)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2963
msgid ""
"Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the <i>Chinese and Western "
"Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)</i>. He produced "
"<i>Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium</i> (Chinese: Stellarium "
"中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important "
"reference."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2964
msgid ""
"Some stars have been added according to <i>The History of Stellar "
"Observation in China</i> (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2965
msgid ""
"For the translation of constellations, we use the <i>English-Chinese "
"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</i> (Chinese: "
"中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a "
"small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the "
"translations of the two different Xingguans are the same."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2966
msgid ""
"There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP "
"numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and "
"Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending "
"Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head "
"Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2967
msgid ""
"The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because "
"thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are "
"controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are "
"ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names "
"having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is "
"provided only to make star names readable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2972
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/resources/constemyth/glossary.html\">English-Chinese "
"Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2973
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/aeea/contents_list/star_sign.html\">AEEA "
"Astronomy Education Information-Ancient Chinese constellation system </a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2974
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
"constellations (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2975
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">Traditional "
"Chinese star names (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2976
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html\">http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#.  a href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-star-maps.html" 
#. /a
#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2982
msgid ""
"This sky culture was initially contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of "
"Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star "
"maps (no longer available online)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese/description.en.utf8:2983
msgid ""
"Sun Shuwei <a "
"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a> "
"replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based "
"primarily on the book<i>Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and "
"Catalogue 1950.0</i> by Yi Shitong, and add the description."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Chinese Contemporary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Chinese Contemporary Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions "
"and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of Western "
"constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture "
"that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"The contemporary Chinese use the constellations of the International "
"Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific "
"boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright "
"stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into "
"different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "star names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star "
"names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names.  When a "
"foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will "
"also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some "
"special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van "
"Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with "
"special astronomical significance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and "
"traditional Chinese names, see <i>Chinese traditional Skyculture for "
"Stellarium</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations\">Chinese "
"constellations </a> Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names\">traditional "
"Chinese star names</a> Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\">constellations</a> "
"Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\">Constellation "
"image library</a> of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope "
"Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> <a "
"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"Constellation art，Constellation lines based on <i>Western Skyculture for "
"Stellarium</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_contemporary/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on <i>Chinese "
"Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Chinese Medieval"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years "
"(1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as "
"possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese "
"Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the "
"<i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>. And the determinative star is marked for "
"each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of "
"Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:5
msgid "Medieval Xingguans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of "
"the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang "
"Dynasty(16th century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of "
"The Warring States Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system "
"respectively. During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo "
"(陈卓) summarized the Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, "
"including 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been "
"basically defined, and after a thousand years, there has not been much "
"change. Since the 17th century, Western astronomy has had an impact on "
"Chinese astronomy, and the shape and number of Xingguans have changed "
"significantly. Only about half of the constellations maintained the medieval "
"style."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese "
"astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major "
"star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements "
"measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were "
"rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected "
"more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used "
"mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance "
"degrees to record the position of stars. <b>In ancient China, the "
"determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for "
"determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system</b>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"The <i>Song of the Sky Pacers</i> (步天歌) is an early Chinese star "
"catalogue in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names "
"of stars."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Below is <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i> from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "<em>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Restore Sky Map"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky "
"map. In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar "
"measurements, leaving a lot of data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on "
"the <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's "
"Xingguan in his masterpiece <i>The History of Stellar Observation in "
"China</i>, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and "
"Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the "
"book <i>Roving China Heavens</i>, which is also an important reference book."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined "
"with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars "
"restored the sky map is somewhat different."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese "
"medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of "
"yang,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of "
"Yin,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 "
"degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is "
"confusing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around "
"the celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's "
"position as the standard of the chronology."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn "
"travels around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass "
"through a Lunar Mansion every year."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song\">wikipedia - Su Song</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html\">History of Song</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html\">Records of the Grand "
"Historian</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm\">(Chinese) "
"Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers\">wikipedia - "
"Song of the Sky Pacers</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm\">(Chinese) Chinese "
"Heaven in WWT Community Beijing</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "Reference"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "Su Song. <i>Xinyixiangfayao Star Map</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "<i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "<i>Book of Sui</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "<i>History of Song</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/chinese_medieval/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Sun Shuwei</i> "
"(孙殳玮) .  <a "
"href=\"mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com\">sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Dakota"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Dakota, Lakota and Nakota are one of the groups of indigenous people of "
"north-central United States and Canada.  Known as the Oceti Sakowin &ndash; "
"Seven (Council) Fires. This council of seven consists of: four Dakota bands, "
"two Nakota bands and one Lakota band, where D/N/L are dialectic "
"distinctions.  Well known for following the buffalo.  The word D(N/L)akota "
"means \"Alliance\".  Also known as Sioux or the Sioux Nation.  The D(L)akota "
"Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of the "
"<b><i>“Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi, D(L)akota Star Map”</i></b>, created by "
"A. Lee, J. Rock, 2012.  More details can be found in the constellation "
"guidebook <b><i>D(L)akota Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to "
"D(L)akota Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also available are D(L)akota star map "
"posters, D(L)akota planispheres, curriculum, and other resources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:12 ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:5
msgid "Celestial Objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "<i>Nape</i>, Hand, lower Orion & &beta; Eridanus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "<i>Mato Tipi/Tipila</i>, Bear's Lodge, Gemini"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "<i>Ki Inyanka Ocanku</i>, Racetrack, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<i>Çan Hd/Gleska Wakan</i>, Sacred hoop, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "<i>Inipi/Initipi</i>, Sweat lodge, Winter Circle & Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "<i>Tayamni</i>, Buffalo (three parts of), Orion, Canis Major, Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "<i>Zuzeca/Zuzuheça</i>, Snake, Columbia, Puppis, Canis Major"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"<i>To Win/Tun Win</i>, Blue Woman/Birth Woman, Big Dipper &ndash; inside "
"Bowl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>, Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "<i>Wiçakiyuhapi </i>, Stretcher, Big Dipper &ndash; Bowl stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "<i>Wasihdapi/Wasiglapi</i>, Mourners, Big Dipper &ndash; Handle stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "<i>Manka/Maka</i>, Skunk, Big Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "<i>Wicakiyuhapi/Can cinkska</i>, the dipper/wooden spoon, Big Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "<i>Oceti Sakowin </i>, Seven sacred rites/council fires, Big Dipper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"<i>Wiçanhpi waziyata/Wiçanhpi Owanjila (Star which stands in one "
"place)</i>, North star, Polaris"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "<i>Wakinyan</i>, Thunderbird, Draco, Ursa Minor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "<i>Keya</i>, Turtle, Pegasus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:31
msgid ""
"<i>Cansasa Pusyapi/Ipusye</i>,Dried Red Willow (Red-Osier Dogwood &ndash; "
"Cornus stolonifera)Aries, Triangulum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "<i>Hehaka/Upan</i>, Elk, Pisces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "<i>Wiçinyanna Sakowin/Wiçincala Sakowin</i>, Seven Girls, Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "<i>Ahdeska/Agleska</i>, Salamander, Cygnus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "<i>Oçeti/Peta</i>, Fireplace/Fire, Leo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"<i>Itkob u (going toward), Ihuku Kigle (Under went it), Anpo Wiçanhpi "
"Sunkaku (younger brother of Morning star)</i>, Arcturus (bright star in "
"Bootes)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi</i>, Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<i>Hanhepi Wi /Hanyetu Wi/Hanwi /Hanwi (Night Sun)</i>, Moon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:39
msgid "<i>Anog Ite (Double Faced Woman)</i>, Moon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "<i>Wi, Anpetu Wi (Day Sun)</i>, Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "<i>Anpo Wiçanhpi /Anpetu D/Luta</i>, Venus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "<i>Wanagi Taçanku (Road of the spirits/Ghost trail)</i>, Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Hinhpaya/Wiahpihinhpaya/Wohpe Wakan</i>, Meteor/Falling star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "<i>Wamakohnaka/Wamakhognaka/Makasitomni</i>, Universe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "<i>Wiçanhpi Sintetun/Wiçanhpi Sinte Yukan/Wicanpisinteton</i>, Comet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/DAKOTAMAP/home.html\">D(L)akota "
"Map webpage, includes audio recordings of D(L)akota pronunciation and other "
"resources.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0692232540/ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_rd_p=1944687622&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12 "
"stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0615986781&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=0YJSH2RAY5J6SDM4EM12\">D(L)akota "
"Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:54 ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.nativeskywatchers.com\"><i>Native Skywatchers’</i> "
"main webpage, includes education, art, and community workshops and other "
"resources.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:58
msgid ""
"This D(L)akota star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
"revitalizing native star knowledge, in particular Ojibwe and "
"D(L)akota. Based on the star map <i><b>Makoce Wicanhpi Wowapi - D(L)akota "
"Star Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, J. Rock and the book <i><b>D(L)akota "
"Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to D(L)akota Star "
"Knowledge</b></i> by A. Lee, J. Rock, C. O’Rourke."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/dakota/description.en.utf8:60 ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "Contact A. Lee at aslee@stcloudstate.edu for more information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Egyptian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The "
"belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have "
"reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah "
"dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a "
"wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is "
"represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales "
"(which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [1]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that "
"some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [2], although the "
"constellations did change significantly over time [3]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the \"stars that knew "
"no rest\". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the "
"five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet "
"now known as Jupiter was called \"Horus Who Limits the Two Lands\"; Mars was "
"\"Horus of the Horizon\"; Mercury was \"Sebegu\", associated with Set; "
"Saturn was \"Horus the Bull of the Sky\"; and Venus was \"the God of the "
"Morning\" [7]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html\">[1]</a>, "
"<a "
"href=\"http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html\">[3]</a> "
"Astronomical Artifacts and Cuneiform Tablets, etc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm\">[2]</a> Three archaic "
"Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html\">http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm\">http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html\">http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
"Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper \"A Map of the Ancient Egyptian "
"Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/egyptian/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Greek (Almagest)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"This ancient Greek sky culture is based on the Almagest, a compilation of "
"astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from "
"observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius "
"Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written in "
"Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main astronomical "
"work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written with the title "
"<i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, "
"meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was developed from Arabian "
"translations. To create this sky culture we used the English translation by "
"Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details (e.g. using more literal "
"translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that are common today) and we "
"made use of computer readable tables prepared by Ernie Wright."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh and "
"eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations "
"(among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).  It "
"is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their position "
"in the constellation (such as \"star at the elbow of X, longitude, latitude, "
"magnitude\"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic "
"coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the "
"magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted from "
"Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog is not "
"preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the magnitude of "
"1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars visible."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:30
msgid ""
"For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model "
"(which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus, "
"contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by "
"Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the "
"<i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue always "
"represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and Ptolemy's "
"proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making a celestial "
"globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants to ease the "
"business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates: Precession "
"as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic, therefore "
"updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be applied by a "
"simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "How this sky culture was made"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:45 ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:7 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "Star names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.  "
"The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as \"The star on "
"the end of the tail\" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such "
"long strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for "
"all Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they "
"appear in the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation \"UMi "
"1\" because it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  "
"See the table below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations "
"and IAU abbreviations.  In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying "
"outside of the figure, we use lowercase letters in the corresponding "
"label. To see the long description for a given star, users should enable "
"\"Use additional names of stars\" in the \"View [F4]/Sky\" settings and "
"click on the star. The long description will then be displayed at the top of "
"the screen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Constellation lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "The process can be described as sketched here with the example of Corvus:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:66
msgid ""
"In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in the "
"&quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star in the "
"neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the star in the "
"breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the tips of the "
"wings. &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and &delta; Crv the star "
"in the rear wing. From the star in the breast another line goes to the "
"&quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta; Crv."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:77
msgid ""
"After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we "
"reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table presented "
"in the <i>Almagest</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:81
msgid ""
"The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest only, "
"e.g. Ptolemy uses the name "
"&quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (The "
"Torch-like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, "
"but this is not implemented in this sky culture because it doesn't show up "
"in the Almagest."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:87
msgid ""
"The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and "
"its English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in "
"the reconstruction (column 6)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:93 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<b>Abbreviation</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:94
msgid "<b>Original name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "<b>Translation</b> (direct)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:96
msgid "<b>IAU (Latin) name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:97
msgid "<b>hints to constellation</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:98
msgid "<b>freedom of art</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:103
msgid "Small She-Bear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:105 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:113 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:425 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:441 ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:465
msgid "like IAU constellation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:111 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Great She-Bear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:119 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Dragon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:121
msgid ""
"all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head "
"is the tongue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:127 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "Kepheus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:129
msgid "king, upside down"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:130
msgid ""
"three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although "
"Almagest says beneath belt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Ploughman"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:137
msgid "has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:138
msgid "star HIP 72582 added as neck star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:143
msgid "Crown"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:145
msgid "like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:151 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Kneeler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:153
msgid "one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:154
msgid "star HIP 82764 added as neck star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:159 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Lyre"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:167
msgid "Bird"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:169
msgid "swan with legs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:170
msgid "Tips of wings connected with tail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:175
msgid "Kassiepeia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:177
msgid "Queen sitting on a throne"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:178
msgid "to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:183 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:85 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "Perseus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:185
msgid ""
"Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the "
"stars in the cluster was used for drawing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:186
msgid ""
"one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more "
"spherical"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:191 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:91 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "Charioteer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:193
msgid "wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:194
msgid "o Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:199
msgid "Serpent Bearer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:201
msgid "has serpent in his hand"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:202
msgid "a star added as neck star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:207
msgid "Snake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:209
msgid "two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:215 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:103
msgid "Arrow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:217
msgid "Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:223 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:109
msgid "Eagle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:225
msgid ""
"&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma; "
"and &mu; are shoulders"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:231 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:115 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "Dolphin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:234
msgid "refined shape"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:239 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:121
msgid "Bust [of a horse]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:247
msgid "Horse"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:249
msgid "with mane and one wing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:255
msgid "Andromeda"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:257
msgid "dress and belt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:265
msgid "four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:271 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:145 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
msgid "Ram"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:273
msgid "turned head; only one horn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:279 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:151 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "Bull"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:281
msgid "half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:287 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:157 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:137
msgid "Twins"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:289
msgid "one star in common; touching each other with hands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:295
msgid "Crab"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:297
msgid "square body"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:303 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:169 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149
msgid "Lion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:305
msgid "opens jaw"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:311
msgid "Maiden"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:313
msgid "no separate head"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:314
msgid "fainter stars added to draw the wings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:319
msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:321
msgid ""
"Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the "
"balance&quot;."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:327 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:187
msgid "Scorpion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:330
msgid "arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:335 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:174
msgid "Archer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:337
msgid "a centaur with bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:338
msgid ""
"we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the "
"picture clear."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:343
msgid "The One with the Goat's Horn"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:345
msgid "fish tail; two legs visible"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:351
msgid "Water-Carrier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:353
msgid "water out of jug"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:359
msgid "[2] Fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:362
msgid ""
"northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we "
"took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional "
"change on tail fin: extended to &rho;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:367 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:217
msgid "Sea Monster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:370
msgid "Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:375 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:223 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:116 ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Orion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:378
msgid ""
"The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy "
"interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and &lambda;, together "
"with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association "
"which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori "
"Assoc.&quot;). Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars "
"anymore, but a connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:383
msgid "River [nameless]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:385
msgid "Like IAU constellation, but shorter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:391 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:235 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
msgid "Hare"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:394
msgid "took the \"4 stars over the ear\" as ear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:407
msgid "The One before the Dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:410
msgid ""
"In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the "
"Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, "
"&beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown). We drew a "
"little dog with &gamma; and &epsilon; as head; &alpha;, &beta;, &eta; and "
"HIP36889 as body; forelegs with HIP 35509 and HIP 35614; hindlegs with "
"&delta;<sub>2</sub> and &delta;<sub>3</sub>; tail with HIP 37634"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:415 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:253 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
msgid "Ship &quot;Argo&quot;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:417
msgid "smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:418
msgid ""
"Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape; "
"in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a "
"ship is painted."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:423
msgid "Water Snake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:431
msgid "Krater (vessel)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:434
msgid ""
"a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or "
"vase: <a "
"href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater\">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> "
"Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles "
"(&eta;, &theta; Crt)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:439
msgid "Raven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:447 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:265 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
msgid "Kentauros"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:450
msgid ""
"deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken "
"as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), "
"backward arm added."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:455
msgid "Beast"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:458
msgid ""
"&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the "
"belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg &Chi; removed from head, because "
"otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:463 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:277 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:258
msgid "Altar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:471
msgid "Southern Crown"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:473
msgid ""
"like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC "
"number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in "
"Stellarium"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:479 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:289 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
msgid "Southern Fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:481
msgid "the fish is laying on his back"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:482
msgid ""
"we added a few stars to mark the tail as such (&beta; should be the tip of "
"the tail but we used it as its root)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:488
msgid ""
"Grasshoff, G.: The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalog, Springer, New York, "
"1990"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:489 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:295 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:284
msgid ""
"Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, "
"Leipzig, 1898"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:490
msgid ""
"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, "
"2017"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:491 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:297 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:286
msgid "Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:492
msgid ""
"Ernie Wright: <a href=\"http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\"> Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization "
"of the Almagest Catalog</a>, 2006"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:497
msgid ""
"This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide "
"this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited "
"according to the common rules. This sky culture is provided under CC BY-ND "
"4.0 International Public Licence (share-alike, do not change it without "
"consulting the contributors, and cite the contributors). Thank you!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:502
msgid "Thanks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:503
msgid ""
"The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading "
"and interesting discussions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:506
msgid ""
"This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea "
"Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: "
"service@uhura-uraniae.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_almagest/description.en.utf8:507
msgid "Written in English: the authors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "The Globe of the Atlas Farnese Statue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the "
"Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd "
"century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model, "
"which itself has not survived."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter "
"of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point "
"coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics "
"and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in \"latitude "
"circles\" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles provide a "
"four-way division in \"longitude circles\". Ancient globe makers used this "
"very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who "
"created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 "
"BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular "
"science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star "
"catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, "
"but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic "
"representations speak against it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"<i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel "
"Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything "
"below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the "
"sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, "
"which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north "
"pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the "
"architecture. Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears "
"and parts of the dragon are missing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "How was this Sky Culture made?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble "
"globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the "
"modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that "
"the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) "
"each. Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the "
"marble globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according "
"to point coordinates), this was done here \"by eye\" - just as by the "
"historical stonemason."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the "
"Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the "
"reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was "
"written in Greek as scientific literature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a "
"particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, "
"some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star "
"catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show "
"the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region "
"would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar "
"distortions in the Scorpion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in "
"columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "<b>Original Name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:19 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "<b>Translation</b> (literally)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:20 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "<b>Picture</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Little She-Bear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:26 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:32 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:104 ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:140 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:156 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:163 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:247 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:253 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:265
msgid "missing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "only the head and one bend are depicted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "King Kepheus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Ploughing Man"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Wreath"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:67
msgid "Lyre (a Greek instrument)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:73 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Bird [not specified]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:79 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:71
msgid "Queen Kassiepeia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:97
msgid "Snake Carrier, Snake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:122
msgid "missing (stars belong to Dolphin)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:127
msgid "Horse [unnamed]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:133 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:107
msgid "Princess Andromeda"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:163 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
msgid "Cancer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:175 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
msgid "Young Lady"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:181
msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:193
msgid "Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:199
msgid "the One with Horns of a Goat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:205
msgid "Water-Pourer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:211
msgid "Two Fishes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:229
msgid "River [unnamed]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:247
msgid "The asterism before the Dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:248
msgid "missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:259
msgid "Watersnake + Crater + Raven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:271
msgid "Monster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:283
msgid "Southern Wreath"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:290
msgid "missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:296 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:285
msgid ""
"Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, "
"2017"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:300 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:289
msgid ""
"We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be "
"cited according to the usual rules. This sky culture is provided under CC "
"BY-ND 4.0 International Public Licence (cite, share under equal terms, do "
"not modify without consulting the authors). Thank you!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:303
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
"(service@uhura-uraniae.com)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_farnese/description.en.utf8:305
msgid "the author"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Leiden Aratea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are "
"known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden "
"(Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious "
"(778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz "
"(Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is "
"suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by "
"20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to "
"graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic "
"visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures "
"depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a "
"globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only "
"symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure "
"is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold "
"leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of "
"the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay "
"discusses her proposed identifications in detail."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"<i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images "
"Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "How this Sky Culture was made"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the "
"manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium "
"applications). Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the "
"catalogue of the astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical "
"drawings have to be locked at three points each. Some of the flat book "
"illustrations had to be distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit "
"the stars. Except for the illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an "
"approximate adjustment was possible."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and "
"black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts "
"(e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the "
"carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be "
"dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in "
"the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark "
"colours) is shown in the table below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup, "
"Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.  Both, Virgo and Centaur are "
"probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the "
"images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).  The artist of the Leiden Aratea never "
"mapped the images onto the stars.  In order to make these depictions "
"understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and "
"stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from "
"the Almagest.  The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd "
"century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem "
"describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.  Both, the Almagest "
"and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea "
"presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"The following table lists the original names of the constellations in "
"columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the "
"manuscript."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "<b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "<b>Original Greek Name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this "
"figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, "
"shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees "
"are the same."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:77 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:149 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:234
msgid "mirrored depiction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:87 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:88 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:166 ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:167
msgid "and"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:89
msgid "Eagle with Arrow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:95
msgid ""
"In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation "
"Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe) "
"depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why I "
"chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:119
msgid ""
"(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was "
"in spring)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "The Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "or Seven Sisters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:143
msgid "<i>The cancer was lightened.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:155
msgid ""
"Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are "
"depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the "
"constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the "
"second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:161
msgid ""
"Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in "
"a style epoch of Babylonian revival),"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
msgid "Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:162
msgid "The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:168
msgid "Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:180
msgid "The Goat-Horned One"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
msgid "Water Pourer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:186
msgid "mirrored depiction (although front view)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:192
msgid "Fishes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:198
msgid "a Sea Monster named Cetus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
msgid "<i>mirrored depiction</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:204
msgid ""
"The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from "
"his own single-page painting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
msgid "the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:210
msgid "here a river god is depicted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:216
msgid ""
"<i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the "
"visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately "
"illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between "
"Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The "
"constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation "
"to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare "
"between Orion's legs.</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:222
msgid "mirrored depiction of a little dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
msgid "The star in front of the dog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:228
msgid ""
"(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by "
"Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always \"Prokyon\"). Procyon is "
"a Greek term (with \"k\") latinized."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:240
msgid "Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
msgid ""
"apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: "
"Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation "
"Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:246
msgid "(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
msgid "monster"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:252
msgid ""
"(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone "
"constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is "
"missing here)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:264
msgid "Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
msgid "(had been \"Great Fish\" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:270
msgid ""
"It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the "
"stars. That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme "
"instead of the original red-purple one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:276
msgid "For the Aratea itself:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:278
msgid ""
"Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des "
"Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der "
"Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:279
msgid ""
"Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book, "
"Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:280
msgid ""
"Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; "
"Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, "
"Malibu California, 1988"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:282
msgid "For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:292
msgid ""
"This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann "
"(service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with "
"Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium "
"Jena."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/greek_leidenAratea/description.en.utf8:294
msgid "the authors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Hawaiian Starlines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the "
"Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using "
"traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of "
"miles of open ocean.  For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the "
"position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   "
"Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help "
"memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing "
"the sky into four evenly sized star lines."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "History"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for "
"many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation "
"were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s.  Polynesian "
"Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975.  "
"Hokule’a is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to "
"revive the art of way finding.  A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau "
"Piailug was a master navigator/wayfinder.  The knowledge of wayfinding and "
"using the sky to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors.  Nainoa "
"Thompson, current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of "
"navigation to him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once "
"lost to the Hawaiians.  With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian "
"star compass and star lines were created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Star Lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the "
"navigators.  The stars connect making constellations.  Navigators remember "
"the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each "
"line, and the lines that point directly to North and South.  The star "
"lines’ position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline "
"being more prevalent at night according to the season.  The star lines with "
"their according season are as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "November to April"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "April to July"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "May to October"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "September to February"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"The direct translation means the “Bailer of <em>Makali’i</em>”. The "
"lines are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops <em>Ka Hei-Hei o Na "
"Keiki</em> (Orion) and <em>Makali’i</em> (Pleiades) up into the night "
"sky.  In voyaging a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"The main stars of <em>Ke Ka o Makali’i</em> from North to South are "
"<em>Hokulei</em> (Capella), <em>Nanamua</em> (Castor), <em>Nanahope</em> "
"(Pollux), <em>Puana</em> (Procyon), and <em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius).  These "
"stars connect together to create the bailer in the sky.  Mintaka in Orion is "
"an important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west "
"giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction.  Mirzim (next to "
"<em>‘A’a</em> (Sirius)) and <em>Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa</em> (Canopus) "
"connect together to create a southern pointer.  <em>‘Ekekeuehuehu</em> "
"(&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and <em>‘Ekekeu’ena’ena</em> (&beta; Aur, "
"Menkalinan) connect to create a northern pointer.  Different north/south "
"pointers are found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"<em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em> translates to the backbone (directly: Bone "
"back-lizard).  This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or "
"<em>mo’o</em> in this sky culture.  It can also be representing a "
"genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"The star line itself starts with <em>Hokupa’a</em> (North Star), the "
"ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always "
"above north.  <em>Hokupa’a</em> connects down to <em>Na Hiku</em> (Big "
"Dipper). <em>Na Hiku</em> translates to “The Seven” as there is seven "
"stars in the Big Dipper.  <em>Hokule’a</em> (Arcturus) and "
"<em>Hikianalia</em> (Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star "
"line.  The two PVS canoes are named after these two stars.  "
"<em>Hokule’a</em> is the “zenith” star of Hawai’i, meaning it will "
"be directly overhead when you are at the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands.  "
"<em>Hokule’a</em> is very important to navigators on finding their way "
"back to Hawai’i.  The meaning of <em>Hokule’a</em> is “the star of "
"gladness” because it is the star used to find home bringing joy.  Next to "
"<em>Hikianalia</em> is <em>Me’e</em>, a combination of four stars that "
"create a box.  <em>Me’e</em> connects down to <em>Hanaiakamalama</em> "
"(Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for <em>Ka Iwikuamo’o</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:61
msgid ""
"<em>Manaiakalani</em> translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers "
"to the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook.  Maui is credited for "
"pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:64
msgid ""
"This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on "
"the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south.  The Navigator’s Triangle "
"is made of three stars <em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb), <em>Keoe</em> (Vega), and "
"<em>Humu</em> (Altair).  (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for "
"modern amateur astronomers.)  These stars also represent the Polynesian "
"triangle: Hawai’i (<em>Hawaiki</em>), Rapanui (<em>Keoe</em>), and "
"Aotearoa (<em>Humu</em>).  These three islands are pulled by the fish hook "
"of Maui (Scorpius)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:70
msgid ""
"The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect "
"<em>Hawaiki</em> (Deneb) and <em>Momonapikowalu</em> (&gamma; Cyg, Sadr).  "
"Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect <em>Mili’opu</em> "
"(&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and <em>Kahe</em> (&pi; Sco, Nur), the stars on the "
"top of the hook."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:74
msgid ""
"<em>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</em> translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was "
"a great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite "
"which was lost as a child."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:76
msgid ""
"The star line starts with <em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>, meaning Chief Frigate "
"Bird (<em>Fregata Minor</em>).  The shape of this constellation (which is "
"Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the <em>‘iwa</em> bird that is known "
"for leading voyagers to land.  The center of the star line is the Kite of "
"Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus).  The four stars that make the "
"kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: <em>Manokalanipo</em> "
"(&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), <em>Kakuhihewa</em> (&beta; Peg, Scheat), "
"<em>Pi’ilani</em> (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and <em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, "
"Markab).  All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then "
"connects south to two stars <em>Pi’ikea</em> (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) "
"and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:83
msgid ""
"The northern pointer is found in <em>Manokalanipo</em> (&delta; Peg, "
"Alpheratz) and <em>Kealohalani-po-keao</em> (&beta; Cas, Caph) of "
"<em>‘Iwakeli’i</em>.  The southern pointer is connected with "
"<em>Keawe</em> (&alpha; Peg, Markab) and <em>Kukaniloko</em> (&alpha; PsA, "
"Fomalhaut)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:88
msgid "<a href=\"http://hokulea.com\">Polynesian Voyaging Society</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:89
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian "
"Voyaging Society</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths\">Imiloa</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:91
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html\">Hawaiian "
"Star Lines and Names for Stars</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:94
msgid ""
"The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this "
"skyculture is available at the <a "
"href=\"https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html\">Stellarium Landscapes</a> "
"collection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h2>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:96
msgid "Background and Acknowledgements"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:98
msgid ""
"The <em>master navigator</em> behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of "
"Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa "
"Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from "
"2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage "
"of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe.  Stellarium has been used as a "
"tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool "
"for practicing Polynesian navigation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/hawaiian_starlines/description.en.utf8:102
msgid ""
"The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was "
"contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, "
"Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial "
"Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i.  "
"Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Indian Vedic"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to "
"Nakṣatra-s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical "
"zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is "
"called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding "
"asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their "
"original locations to account for precession."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar "
"Calender & Solar calender. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months "
"or \"māsā\". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' "
"names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately "
"13°20\", which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full "
"list, with western equivalents here: https://goo.gl/2PVi28 ). In the "
"earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is "
"critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the "
"birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they "
"are also technically constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the "
"13°20\" divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in <a "
"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up\">this "
"page</a>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti "
"and the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi "
"ritual which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial "
"compartments. Some scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early "
"medieval period, the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree "
"from the Vedic period."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same "
"constellations and stars (Example: <a "
"href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw\">Raj Vedam on "
"Rohini</a>) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others "
"during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological "
"translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, "
"just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See "
"references below.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which "
"full moon or \"Purnimā\" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a "
"sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra "
"doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in "
"any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people "
"innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most "
"used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months "
"in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going "
"by their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation "
"boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual "
"timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose "
"alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Navagraha - Nine \"planets\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to "
"background stars and named them \"planets\" or \"graha\". As such The sun "
"and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as "
"graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name "
"of vedic days originated from these planet's names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Graha"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Designation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Name of Solar days"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "(Sun)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Sun God"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "(Sunday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "(Moon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Moon god"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "(Monday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "(Mars)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "God of war"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "(Tuesday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "(Mercury)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "Son of Moon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "(Wednesday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "(Jupiter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "Teacher of Gods"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "(Thursday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "(Venus)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Mentor of Demons"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "(Friday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "(Saturn)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "God of Misfortune"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "(Saturday)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "lunar node"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:30 ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "-"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:36
msgid "General"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at Sanskrit "
"Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Nakshatra</a> article at English Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">History Of Calendar-Panchanga "
"Committee Report</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf\" "
"class='external text'> \"Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and "
"Abhijit\"</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "Mythology"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata "
"Index, Vedic Indix"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:49 ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "Vedas, Agamas"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5\" "
"class='external text'> Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala "
"Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:51
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110\" class='external "
"text'> Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up\" "
"class='external text'> The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar "
"Tilak</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill\" class='external "
"text'>Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de "
"Santillana, Hertha von Dechend</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "Contributors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "Tanmoy Saha"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/indian/description.en.utf8:61
msgid ""
"Contributors from the <a "
"href=\"https://github.com/sanskrit-coders\">sanskrit-coders community</a> "
"(esp <a href=\"https://github.com/vvasuki/\">Vishvas Vasuki</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Inuit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of "
"John MacDonald's research in his book <b>The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, "
"Star Lore and Legend</b>. While placements and specifics of Inuit "
"constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in "
"Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic "
"universe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Arctic-Sky-Inuit-Astronomy-Legend/dp/0888544278\">The "
"Arctic Sky, Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</a> book at amazon.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_astronomy\">Wikipedia</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>The Arctic Sky: "
"Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend</b> by John MacDonald."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/inuit/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris, released under the Free Art License."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Japanese Moon Stations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was "
"closely tied to astrological purposes.  For ancient Chinese and later Korean "
"and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is "
"marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), "
"the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and "
"the \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each "
"of the talismanic animals the celestial \"palaces\" were seven <em>sei "
"shuku</em> or what are sometimes called \"lunar lodges\".  The moon "
"\"stations\" or \"lodges\" probably may be used to determine position of sun "
"and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been "
"related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are "
"obscure and even controversial."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star \"palaces\" "
"together with the associated 28 <em>sei shuku</em> or lunar lodges represent "
"some of the most complex aspects of Asian \"astronomy\". An apparent anomaly "
"is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a "
"direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall.  Some "
"scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being "
"created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but "
"it does not really explain the apparent \"backward\" motion of the sun "
"through seasons."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated "
"sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the "
"handle of the big dipper (often called the \"North Seven Stars\" in China, "
"Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the "
"Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not "
"appear to set, because they had a relatively \"higher\" position than now."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield "
"influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this "
"despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed "
"out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather "
"complex."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of "
"Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended "
"to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike "
"many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the "
"talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "<em>Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"East\" or \"Blue Dragon\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:33 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:95 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:156 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:217
msgid "Chinese Character"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:34 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:96 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:157 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:218
msgid "Meaning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:35 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:97 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:158 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:219
msgid "Key Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:36 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:98 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:159 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:220
msgid "Japanese Name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "Neck, Throat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:56 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:63 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:84 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:186 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:207 ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:233
msgid "sometimes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "Chamber, perhaps Breasts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:83
msgid "Basket"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "The \"Genbu\" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:91
msgid ""
"The 7 Moon Stations of the \"North\" (Genbu) or \"Black Tortoise of Winter\" "
"(also \"Somber\" or \"Black\" Warrior)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:103
msgid "Dipper; Measure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:110
msgid "Cow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:117
msgid "Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:131
msgid "Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:138
msgid "Room, perhaps Encampment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:151
msgid "The White Tiger of the West (Fall)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:152
msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"West\" or \"White Tiger\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:164
msgid "Stride, Foot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:171
msgid "Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:185
msgid "Stopping Place, United; perhaps \"Getting Together\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:192
msgid "Net; perhaps related to Rain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:199
msgid "Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:206
msgid "Investigator, Three"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:212
msgid "The Red Bird of the South (Summer)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:213
msgid "The 7 Moon Stations of the \"South\" or \"Red Bird\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:232
msgid "Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:246 ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:253
msgid "Stretched Net"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:267
msgid "Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li><notr><a>
#: ../../skycultures/japanese_moon_stations/description.en.utf8:275
msgid "A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Kamilaroi/Euahlayi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian "
"Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South "
"Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their "
"country.  Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including "
"an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:4
msgid "Background"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project "
"by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in "
"2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the "
"collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of "
"a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study "
"Guide.  Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate "
"certain sky objects."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:7
msgid "Cultural objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "Gawaargay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal "
"Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the "
"Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius.  The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it "
"with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males.  From "
"June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males "
"brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs.  In the evening "
"in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "
"\"eggs\", meaning the eggs should not be collected.  Later in the year, it "
"appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, "
"meaning the waterholes are full.  When it is below the horizon, then it is "
"on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "Birringoloo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits "
"by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women with "
"girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah (Heaven "
"behind Warrambul).  They wait at this camp until all their girl children "
"have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to Bulimah."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "Yarran"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, "
"which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to "
"die (and the Cockatoos).  It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the "
"dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots "
"spreading around.  When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through "
"the hollow of the Yarran."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Old Wiringin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"A Wiringin is a \"Clever Man\" or Aboriginal doctor.  This Wiringin located "
"in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to "
"Bulimah.  If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, "
"because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in "
"the Large Magellanic Cloud.  This birth spirit will send the unitiated back "
"to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated.  This Wiringin is "
"represented in every Aboriginal cemetary as the Wilga tree (Native Willow)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Birray Birray"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the "
"seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star "
"cluster.  They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this "
"they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of "
"Orion.  Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker.  "
"They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is "
"Aldebaran."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "Miyay Miyay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the "
"sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins "
"or other bad persons.  They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one "
"sister is shy, normally we only see six stars.  They are protected from the "
"Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "Old Dthillar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, "
"the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) "
"in the Pleiades.  Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha "
"Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray "
"Birray.  The inverted \"V\" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri "
"is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Wamba Wamba"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:31
msgid ""
"\"Wamba\" means \"crazy\" or \"mad\".  In this case, the star Canopus is "
"called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is "
"told.  The planet Venus is also called Wamba.  One speculation is that both "
"Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to "
"atmospheric defraction, can \"scintillate\" (twinkle srongly), which results "
"in rapid changes in colour.  This might be interpreted as madness."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Wadhaagudjaaylwan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic "
"Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies.  She \"sings\" the "
"babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old "
"Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to "
"Earth as babies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:36
msgid "Bandaarr"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located "
"under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu.  "
"Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has "
"significance in ceremony."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:39
msgid "Muraay Muyaay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo, "
"who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri).  They "
"ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged "
"into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "Warrawilbaarru"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation "
"Scorpius.  Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September "
"he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during "
"September, and doesn't go back until around March.  During this time he is "
"on earth as the \"willy willy\" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to "
"children and uninitiated men."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/kamilaroi/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi "
"peoples can be found at <a href=\"https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller\" "
"class=\"external\">https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Korean"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:2
msgid "Origin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and "
"look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun "
"Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map "
"and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their "
"names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations "
"first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty "
"describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on "
"the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which "
"was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map "
"which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about "
"190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese "
"ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only "
"about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the "
"map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern "
"limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to "
"the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat "
"altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be "
"no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the "
"author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later "
"time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido\">Cheonsang "
"Yeolcha Bunyajido</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/korean/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i><a "
"href=\"http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/\">Jeong, Tae-Min</a></i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Lokono (or Arawak)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The <em>Lokono</em>, also known as <em>Arawak</em>, are an indigenous people "
"of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic "
"Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French "
"Guiana (see map).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[1]</a></sup> The Lokono speak "
"a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the "
"largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic "
"relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of "
"manioc (<em>Manihot esculenta</em>), who also practice fishing, hunting, and "
"gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that "
"was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have "
"been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-2\">[2]</a></sup> This contact has intensified in the last "
"century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional "
"material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in "
"particular to the disappearance of <em>medicine-men</em>&mdash;the "
"traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including "
"ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about "
"celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about "
"stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are "
"forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of "
"stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and "
"significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes "
"only identified constellations but the following description provides a more "
"comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information "
"extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in "
"the table below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><caption>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:7
msgid "Lokono constellations and other celestial objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "<b>Lokono name</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "Literal translation in English"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Approximate location"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Path of the carriers of clay"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "Scores of stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Shining star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "Grill"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "Pegasus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Spirit of the green anaconda"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "unclear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "Spirit of the capibara"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:61 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:96 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:111 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:131 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:136 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:141 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:146 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:151 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:156 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:161 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:166 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:171 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:176 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:181 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:186 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:191 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:196 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:201 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:206 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:211 ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:216
msgid "unknown"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Man without a thigh"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:70
msgid "Jaw of the tapir"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:71 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
msgid "Hyades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Spirit of the black curassow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "Crux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Hunter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "α Centauri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:85
msgid "Torch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:86
msgid "β Centauri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:90
msgid "Spirit of the cocoi heron"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:91 ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Ursa Major"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:95
msgid "Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:100
msgid "Spirit of the four-eyed fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:101
msgid "λ Sco and υ Sco"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:105
msgid "Spirit of the green sea turtle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:106
msgid "Hercules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:110
msgid "Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:115
msgid "Spirit of the blue crab"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:120
msgid "Spirit of the Muscovy duck"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:125
msgid "Spirit of the awara palm"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:130
msgid "Spirit of the red acouchi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Spirit of the red-rumped agouti"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:140
msgid "Spirit of the jaguar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:145
msgid "Spirit of the ocelot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:150
msgid "Spirit of the pale-throated sloth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:155
msgid "Spirit of the two-toed sloth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:160
msgid "Spirit of the green iguana"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:165
msgid "Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:170
msgid "Spirit of the marail guan"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:175
msgid "Spirit of the little cuckoo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:180
msgid "Spirit of the red-handed tamarin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:185
msgid "Spirit of the white-faced saki"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:190
msgid "Spirit of the scorpion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:195
msgid "Spirit of the parrot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:200
msgid "Spirit of a tortoise"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:205
msgid "Spirit of the bow and arrow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:210
msgid "Spirit of the gun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:215
msgid "Medicine-men’s rattle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:221
msgid "Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:222
msgid ""
"From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical "
"knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono "
"society. However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual "
"leaders of the Lokono known as <i>semethi</i>&mdash;who were required to "
"master the various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been "
"responsible for passing the oral traditions associated with them from one "
"generation to another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one "
"of the first accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:223
msgid ""
"<em>&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses "
"designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and "
"exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those "
"ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember "
"the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner "
"they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, "
"and stars.&rdquo;</em><sup><a href=\"#footnote-1\">[3]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:224
msgid ""
"Navarette's <i>cemetu</i>, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as "
"<i>semethi</i>, have largely given up their practices today, which may be "
"the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been "
"interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten "
"today. Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts "
"written by early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the "
"oldest examples of which is illustrated below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><figure><p><figcaption>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:229
msgid ""
"Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:233
msgid ""
"It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar "
"knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial "
"bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a "
"mention, namely:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:235
msgid ""
"the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous "
"groups."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:236
msgid ""
"the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial "
"bodies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:237
msgid ""
"the use of the term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of "
"numerous constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:238
msgid ""
"the use of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the "
"lack of other astronomical terms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:239
msgid "the sky watching practices of the Lokono."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:243
msgid "1. Shared Guianan knowledge"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:244
msgid ""
"The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous "
"peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, "
"speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not "
"intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and "
"immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also "
"shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, "
"similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This "
"speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of "
"astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual "
"leaders, such as the Lokono <em>semethi</em>. The degree to which these "
"traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further "
"study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these "
"cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono "
"ethnoastronomy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:246
msgid "2. Stellar oral traditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:247
msgid ""
"One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell "
"of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, and "
"explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation "
"<em>Hithikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance, "
"is linked in a Lokono myth to that of <em>Yokhârhin</em> "
"&lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three "
"of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral "
"traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main "
"vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation "
"to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in "
"the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the "
"relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are "
"referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial "
"bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and "
"the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono "
"astronomical knowledge is justified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:249
msgid "3. Calendar of spirits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:250
msgid ""
"The term <em>koya</em> &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation "
"names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key "
"feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, "
"explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding "
"beings.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4]</a></sup> At a time of the year when "
"the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to "
"breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the "
"<em>koya</em>-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best "
"time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and "
"animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where "
"such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called "
"these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of "
"that remains poor. Thus, <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
"acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place "
"where the <em>hadorhi</em> is found in plenty when its constellation "
"appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the "
"<em>koya</em>-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the "
"plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:252
msgid "4.<em> Wiwa</em>, the star and the year"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:253
msgid ""
"The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, "
"<em>wiwa</em>. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of "
"<em>koya. </em>It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars "
"as something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, "
"it is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can "
"apply to any star, <em>wiwa</em> appears only in two proper names of "
"celestial bodies. <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, literally &lsquo;Scores of "
"stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations, "
"whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. Following "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> are the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations, "
"each signaling a different season in the Lokono calendar. On the other hand, "
"<em>Wiwa kalemero</em>, literally &lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) "
"appears to have been singled out solely due to its brightness. Apart from "
"<em>wiwa </em>and <em>koya</em>, there are no generic terms distinguishing "
"planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies and so on in the Lokono language. For "
"this reason, the Lokono equivalent of the Milky Way, for instance, is "
"included among other constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:255
msgid "5. Sky watching practices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:256
msgid ""
"While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono "
"stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the "
"morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe "
"the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of "
"the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location "
"to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location "
"menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, "
"did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was "
"little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation "
"corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In "
"Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in "
"mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows for "
"more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there are "
"restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed that "
"a spirit can harm one if looked at.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> For instance, by full moon, mothers "
"covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become "
"sick.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> Young people were also told "
"not to look at <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> (Pleiades), or else they would not "
"grow.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Such practices applied also "
"to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other ways "
"of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or salt "
"into one&rsquo;s eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:258
msgid "Lokono celestial bodies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:259
msgid "<em>Hadali</em> 'Sun'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:260
msgid ""
"The Lokono term for the Sun is <em>Hadali</em>, also pronounced as "
"<em>Adali</em>. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names "
"of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as "
"<em>Harlitvanli</em>, <em>Haliwalika</em>, <em>Halwanli</em>, "
"<em>Hariwalli</em>, and <em>Arawanili</em>, and sometimes <em>Arawidi,</em> "
"may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, "
"the myth of <em>Arawidi</em> is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, "
"<em>Arawidi</em>, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the "
"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; "
"(Orion&rsquo;s belt).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, the Sun used to "
"come to earth in the shape of a man called <em>Arawidi</em> to meet his "
"lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the "
"twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try "
"to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his "
"leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the "
"constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. Another Lokono myth warns against offending "
"the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, "
"cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which "
"does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun "
"shines too hard.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>. As far as "
"practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the "
"eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between <em>Hadali</em> and "
"<em>Kathi</em>, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds "
"of noises to stop them from fighting.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-12\">[12]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:262
msgid "<em>Kathi</em> 'Moon'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:263
msgid ""
"The moon is known as <em>Kathi</em>, a term first recorded by Joannes de "
"Laet as <em>cattehee</em> around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar "
"month.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-13\">[13]</a></sup> According to the Lokono, "
"the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, "
"in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after "
"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> To find out who the lover "
"was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a "
"pot. Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was "
"covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody "
"in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so "
"ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the "
"sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of "
"the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the "
"Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, "
"another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides "
"to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at "
"night.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The Moon and Sun are also "
"depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the "
"eclipse of the Moon is its death (<em>kathi &ocirc;don</em> &lsquo;moon "
"dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-6\">[6]</a></sup> The Lokono say during the eclipse of the "
"Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Therefore, they make a lot of noise, "
"play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers "
"would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:265
msgid "<em>Warhokoma</em> 'Venus'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:266
msgid ""
"The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star "
"and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called "
"<em>Warhokoma</em> by the Lokono.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Charles Dance, on the other hand, "
"reports the terms <em>Eweiwah</em> and <em>Huewah</em>, probably the "
"equivalents of the general term <em>wiwa</em> &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can "
"be used for any shining celestial body.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> The Lokono also speak of Venus as "
"<em>Hiyaro wiwa</em> &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, "
"it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when <em>Hiyaro "
"wiwa</em> appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first "
"menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the "
"Moon.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> There is no myth about "
"<em>Warhokoma</em> specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is "
"worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was "
"originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth "
"mentioned under <em>Kathi</em>), and has a name as a womanizer.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> Interestingly, the name "
"<em>Warhokoma</em> for Morning or Evening Star appears also in "
"Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17],</a></sup> <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:268
msgid "<em>Waya nukuthi bunaha</em> 'Milky Way'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:269
msgid ""
"The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as <em>Waya nukuthi bunaha, "
"</em>literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way "
"represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making "
"pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The "
"origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a "
"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-19\">[19]</a></sup> The same name for Milky "
"Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific "
"whitish type of clay.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-14\">[14]</a></sup> Charles "
"Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints "
"of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different "
"Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir "
"chased by a dog and jaguar.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> However, these two "
"sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it "
"is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who "
"recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir "
"within that of the Milky Way.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:271
msgid "<em>Mali</em> 'Sirius'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:272
msgid ""
"The modern Lokono call Sirius <em>Mali</em>, the literal meaning of which is "
"unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called <em>Mali</em> and "
"explains that it is a very powerful star.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> When it comes up in "
"the morning in August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not "
"point at it or one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van "
"Coll&rsquo;s <em>Mali</em> marks the beginning of the big dry season (August "
"to December), called in Lokono <em>malidalithe</em>, a term derived from "
"<em>Mali</em>. Older sources identified <em>Mali</em> tentatively as Lyra, "
"Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and "
"that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must "
"be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the "
"Lokono territories.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no Lokono myths about "
"<em>Mali</em>, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the "
"Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Ombatapo</em> &lsquo;Previous "
"face&rsquo;. The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation "
"and its name, which, like the Lokono <em>Mali</em>, is believed to kill the "
"fish in the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry "
"season. Moreover, the Kari&rsquo;na <em>Ombatapo </em>is identified as parts "
"of Puppis and Canis Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-18\">[18], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:274
msgid "<em>Yôkoro wiwa</em> 'Scores of stars'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:275
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> or <em>Wiwa y&ocirc;koro</em>, "
"literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily "
"recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> is described as the most important of Lokono "
"constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> After it comes out first in June in the "
"east, it is followed by the numerous <em>koya</em>-constellations referring "
"to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. At "
"that time of the year, the Lokono say <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran</em> "
"&lsquo;the birth of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>&rsquo;. It is said that if "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> shines strong when it appears for the first time, "
"many people will die in the coming year.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll also warns that young "
"people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> These omens and warnings are related to a "
"Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of "
"which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em>, rises.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> "
"Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the "
"Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the "
"twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am "
"and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is "
"now the constellation <em>Kamodokoya </em>&lsquo;Spirit of the green "
"anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa</em> is said to "
"be located (see also the <em>Yorhada</em> myth). In another narrative, the "
"Lokono explain that the <em>Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa </em>represents seven brothers "
"lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a Kari'na "
"story.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:277
msgid "<em>Yorhada</em> 'Grill'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:278
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or <em>Wiwa "
"yorhadale</em> &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, "
"on which meat is roasted.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-4\">[4], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Its origin is explained in a myth "
"related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed "
"her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless "
"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup> In revenge, the mother "
"asked her brother, <em>Kamodo</em> to kill the man when he went hunting. The "
"man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother "
"instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western "
"constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the "
"beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a "
"lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of <em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em> and "
"the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife "
"and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the <em>Yorhada</em> "
"myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, while the grill becomes "
"<em>Yorhada</em>. Claudius de Goeje suggested that <em>Yorhada</em> is the "
"Western constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the "
"small dry season.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
"neighboring Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the "
"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:280
msgid "<em>Kamodokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green anaconda'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:281
msgid ""
"<em>The constellation Kamodokoya</em>, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda "
"(<em>Eunectes murinus</em>)', also called <em>Waroboshi</em> remains poorly "
"described.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-5\">[5]</a></sup> Older sources suggest "
"it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain "
"unidentified.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-21\">[21]</a></sup> Several myths explain its "
"origin. According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and "
"fed her liver to her mother because she called him a worthless "
"hunter.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10],</a></sup> In revenge, she asked "
"<em>Kamodo</em> to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his "
"younger brother instead. The constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> has "
"<em>Y&ocirc;koro wiwa</em>, the brother, inside, and is close to "
"<em>Yorhada</em> &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was "
"roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz list the constellation <em>Waroboshi "
"yorhadale</em> 'The grill of the green anaconda' which could be the same as "
"the constellation <em>Yorhada</em>.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-23\">[23]</a></sup> Cornelius van Coll speaks of twins, one "
"of whom had a wife, and warned that their star brings death.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> Indeed, even his wife died, roasted on "
"the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and ascend to the sky as "
"<em>Kamodokoya</em>. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates a myth of a woman "
"who felt a desire for men, and put a <em>katuburi</em> flower in her vagina, "
"and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and people wanted to kill "
"it, so it ascended to the sky."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:283
msgid "<em> Kibiwarhakoya </em> 'Spirit of the capybara'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:284
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Kibiwarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
"capybara&rsquo; (<em>Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris</em>) was mentioned by the "
"Penard brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The same source "
"also informs us that it is followed by the constellation <em>Kamodokoya</em> "
"&lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The constellation remains "
"unidentified and its significance is unknown. No related myths have been "
"documented."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:286
msgid "<em>Mabukuli</em> 'Man without a thigh'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:287
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is "
"well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles "
"Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a "
"leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and "
"ascended to sky.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-16\">[16]</a></sup> Similarly, the "
"Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave "
"it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asked other people to follow "
"his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at "
"the place they only found the <em>akalali</em> plant with which he treated "
"his wounds. His body turned into the <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> constellation "
"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. Claudius de Goeje relates a "
"strikingly different myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
"Sun, once a man called <em>Arawidi </em>(see the myth about <em>Hadali</em> "
"'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside "
"her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, "
"but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and "
"ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a "
"sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at "
"which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent "
"ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one "
"of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the "
"man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day "
"for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he "
"tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of "
"fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the "
"liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the "
"man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of "
"cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is "
"why he is now the constellation <em>Mabukuli</em>. It appears the Orion's "
"belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:289
msgid "<em>Kama tâla</em> 'Jaw of the tapir'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:290
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is "
"one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono, "
"just like <em>Mabukuli</em>, to which it is related in a myth.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> The Penard brothers recount the story "
"of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his "
"wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (<em>Tapirus "
"terrestris</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> He then asks "
"his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but "
"when they arrive at the place they only find the <em>akalali</em> plant with "
"which he treated his wounds. His body turned into <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> "
"and his spirit into <em>Mabukuli</em>. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the "
"other hand, <em>Kama t&acirc;la</em> was the remains of a tapir that the "
"mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed "
"and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:292
msgid "<em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of the black curassow'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:293
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Hithikoya</em> is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black "
"curassow&rsquo; (<em>Crax alector</em>), a commonly hunted bird, often kept "
"as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, "
"<em>Hithikoya</em> lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> As a result, he ascended to the sky to "
"warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see "
"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch (see "
"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). The Lokono identify <em>Hithikoya</em> as the Western "
"constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the "
"curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following "
"months, the higher <em>Hithikoya</em> rises in the morning, the higher the "
"birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds "
"are found in the tops of the trees. <em>Hithikoya </em>thus informs the "
"Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono "
"even make hunting charms (<em>bina</em>) from a plant, whose leaves resemble "
"the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate the "
"calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:295
msgid "<em>Yokhârhin</em> 'Hunter'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:296
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds "
"to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting <em>Hithikoya</em>, the "
"&lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see <em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> His companion holding "
"a torch known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> is represented by &beta; Centauri. The "
"myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of "
"<em>Hithikoya</em> includes also these two characters.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
"<em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him "
"down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as "
"a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter "
"(<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the "
"tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:298
msgid "<em>Alêti</em> 'Torch'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:299
msgid ""
"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds "
"to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter "
"<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>, holding a torch torch made from a piece of cloth "
"dipped in beeswax known as <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-9\">[9], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-10\">[10], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>&nbsp; "
"<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> follows <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> so as not to scare the "
"black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the "
"Penard brothers that explains the origin of <em>Hithikoya</em> 'Spirit of "
"the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see "
"<em>Hithikoya</em>).<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According "
"to the story, <em>Hithikoya</em> used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept "
"tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the "
"sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the "
"approaching hunter (<em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em>) and his companion with a torch "
"(<em>Al&ecirc;ti</em>). As <em>Hithikoya</em> appears higher and higher in "
"the morning between January and March, <em>Yokh&acirc;rhin</em> and "
"subsequently <em>Al&ecirc;ti</em> appear on the horizon following it. This "
"indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the "
"tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:301
msgid "<em>Anorhâkoya</em> 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:302
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Anorh&acirc;koya </em>represents the spirit of the "
"cocoi heron (<em>Ardea cocoi</em>). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono "
"as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-15\">[15]</a></sup> Claudius de Geoje reports that when it "
"shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust "
"into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their "
"eyes with its beak, it is said.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> "
"Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> is a "
"heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people "
"would get all kinds of eye diseases.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7]</a></sup> This can still happen when strong winds "
"blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the "
"light of <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em> (and other stars) travels with the wind "
"according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry "
"season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of "
"this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with "
"its beak down."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:304
msgid "<em>Honolikoya</em> 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:305
msgid ""
"Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is "
"<em>Honolikoya</em> &lsquo;<em>Spirit of the rufescent tiger "
"heron</em>&rsquo; (<em>Tigrisoma lineatum</em>). It is reported in "
"historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation "
"<em>Kumawari yumï</em> (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is "
"likely a mistake as <em>honoli</em> is a different and well-known species of "
"a heron. It is possible that <em>Honolikoya</em> refers to the same "
"constellation as <em>Anorhâkoya</em>, interpreted differently by different "
"Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different "
"constellation. In any case, <em>Honolikoya</em> remains unidentified.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> Just like <em>Anorh&acirc;koya</em>, "
"the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in "
"the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that "
"<em>Honolikoya</em> should appear between June and the big dry season, which "
"lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to "
"be no specific myth associated with this constellation.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:307
msgid "<em>Kasorhowakoya</em> 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:308
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Kasorhowakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed "
"fish&rsquo; (<em>Anableps anableps</em>) was identified by the contemporary "
"Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is "
"identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping "
"with the 21st century data.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-8\">[8]</a></sup> The "
"constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known "
"for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is "
"therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is "
"no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what "
"the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention "
"that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, "
"which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that "
"the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing "
"season for this species.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-18\">[18]</a></sup> It is "
"not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:310
msgid "<em>Katarhokoya</em> 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:311
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Katarhokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea "
"turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents "
"the <em>katarho</em> turtle (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>), swimming towards the "
"shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears "
"in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on "
"the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources "
"as <em>Corona Borealis</em> and <em>Orion's belt.</em> <sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-8\">[8], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> While the former overlaps with the "
"stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a "
"mistake as <em>Orion&rsquo;s belt</em> is consistently recognized as "
"<em>Mabukuli</em> &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation "
"<em>Katarhokoya</em> rises early in the year, but it appears upside down "
"most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by "
"mid-March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on "
"the Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to "
"the shore (Milky Way)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:313
msgid "<em>Hikorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:314
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Hikorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed "
"tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in "
"Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August "
"(i.e. around the beginning of the big dry season).<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The Penard brothers explain that when "
"the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono "
"as <em>hikorhi</em> (<em>Chelonoidis denticulatus</em>), seeks higher "
"grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths "
"related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out "
"that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, "
"they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of "
"time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are "
"&lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long "
"time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten "
"immediately."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:316
msgid "<em>Kwakoya</em> 'Spirit of the blue crab'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:317
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Kwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is "
"still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice "
"the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that "
"represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation <em>Kusa yumï</em> "
"&lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (<em>Ucides cordatus</em>). The "
"constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of "
"August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the "
"beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous "
"groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the "
"marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers "
"return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during "
"which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that <em>Kwakoya</em> "
"appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this "
"appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the "
"constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June "
"from the Guianas.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:319
msgid "<em>Ifakoya</em> 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:321
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Ifakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; "
"(<em>Cairina moschata</em>) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and "
"Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon "
"River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona "
"Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono "
"say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if "
"the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on "
"plants. The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, "
"it is said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is "
"considered a delicacy and is also often kept around the house like "
"chickens. The Kari'na and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the "
"Muscovy duck, and at least the Warao one corresponds to the same "
"stars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:322
msgid "<em>Awarhakoya</em> 'Spirit of the awara palm'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:324
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo; "
"has the shape of an awara palm (<em>Astrocaryum vulgare</em>). Its "
"appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are "
"ripening. In the following months, <em>Awarhakoya</em> moves closer to the "
"horizon, meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be "
"picked. This occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known "
"as <em>awarhadlithe</em>, a term derived from the name of the palm.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> There are no myths about <em>Awarhakoya "
"</em>but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the "
"<em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and "
"<em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their "
"appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the "
"fallen fruit. <em>Awarhakoya</em> is recognized today in stars close to the "
"Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near "
"Sirius.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It is the only "
"constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the "
"awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari'na also have a constellation of the "
"awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:325
msgid "<em>Hadorhikoya</em> 'Spirit of the red acouchi'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:327
msgid ""
"The unidentified constellation <em>Hadorhikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red "
"acouchi&rsquo; (<em>Myoprocta acouchy</em>) was mentioned by the Penard "
"brothers.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It should follow the "
"constellation <em>Awarhakoya</em> appearing near it sometime after "
"February. Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract "
"the red acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no "
"Lokono myth about <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the "
"unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to "
"the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two "
"brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother, "
"fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with "
"her. The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed "
"him, so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the "
"constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to "
"cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, "
"while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:328
msgid "<em>Hakorherokoya</em> 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:330
msgid ""
"The unidentified constellation <em>Hokorherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
"red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain "
"that like <em>Hadorhikoya</em>, it follows <em>Awarhakoya</em>.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It signals that the ripe fruit attracts "
"the agouti (<em>Dasyprocta leporina</em>) to the awara palms, where they can "
"be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by "
"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans, "
"knows agouti's habits.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> There is "
"no Lokono myth about <em>Hokorherokoya</em>, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about "
"the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According "
"to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The "
"unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his "
"wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his "
"brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and "
"acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse "
"and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became "
"the anaconda constellation.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:332
msgid "<em>Kabadarokoya</em> 'Spirit of the jaguar'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:333
msgid ""
"<em>Kabadarokoya</em> or <em>Arhwakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
"jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono "
"myth.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
"he did not want to marry her out.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-33\">[33]</a></sup> One day a thorn got stuck in his paw "
"and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
"wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the "
"man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the "
"jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man "
"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the "
"Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According "
"to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the "
"jaguars.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is "
"unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to "
"appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they "
"suffer from insects.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], </a></sup><sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-20\">[20]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:335
msgid "<em>Korhirhwathekoya</em> 'Spirit of the ocelot'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:336
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Korhirhwathe</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; "
"was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth "
"summarized above for <em>Kabadarokoya</em>.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> According to the story, "
"<em>Kabadaro</em> (<em>Panthera onca</em>) was the father of "
"<em>Korhirhwathe </em>(<em>Leopardus species</em>), whom he loved so much, "
"he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his "
"paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his "
"wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous "
"and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started "
"mistreating <em>Korhirhwathe</em>. When the jaguar learned about this, he "
"took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man "
"followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming "
"constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to "
"earth to kill people."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:338
msgid "<em>Hawkoya</em> 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:339
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Hawkoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated "
"sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents a species of a sloth "
"(<em>Bradypus tridactylus</em>) and is an omen of storms and windy weather "
"that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and "
"December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the "
"Lokono say that it is because of the winds.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> The constellation remains unidentified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:341
msgid "<em> Warhemedokoya </em> 'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:342
msgid ""
"Similarly, <em>Warhemedokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed "
"sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the "
"storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the "
"sloths move about more.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It "
"represents the two-toed sloth (<em>Choloepus didactylus</em>). The "
"constellation remains unidentified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:344
msgid "<em> Yôwanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the green iguana'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:345
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Y&ocirc;wanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the green "
"iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the green iguana "
"(<em>Iguana iguana</em>) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the "
"sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation "
"remains unidentified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:347
msgid "<em> Yarheyarherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:348
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Yarheyarherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
"lilac-tailed parrot&rsquo; (<em>Touit batavicus</em>) was mentioned by "
"Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The "
"constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what "
"its appearance used to signify."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:350
msgid "<em> Marodirokoya </em> 'Spirit of the marail guan'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:351
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Marodikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the marail "
"guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the "
"shape of the marail guan (<em>Penelope marail</em>).<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation is not known to "
"contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:353
msgid "<em> Hikarowanakoya </em> 'Spirit of the little cuckoo'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:354
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Hikarowanakoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the little "
"cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It represents the little cuckoo "
"(<em>Coccycua minuta</em>). The constellation remains unidentified; neither "
"do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers "
"mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as "
"the very similar <em>Piaya cayana</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-22\">[22]</a></sup> The Kari'na "
"constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono "
"link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the "
"bird passes you calling <em>pikwan pikwan pikwan</em>, you have to watch "
"out, as something bad might happen to you."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:356
msgid "<em> S&ucirc;tukoya </em> 'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:357
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>S&ucirc;tukoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed "
"tamarin&rsquo; (<em>Saguinus midas</em>) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll "
"and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-7\">[7], </a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11], "
"</a></sup><sup><a href=\"#footnote-43\">[43]</a></sup> According to Claudius "
"de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma "
"Berenices.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It is not clear "
"whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation "
"<em>Awarhakoya</em> in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by "
"numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:359
msgid "<em> Howakoya </em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:360
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Howakoya</em> 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; "
"was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-17\">[17]</a></sup> It represents the spirit of white-faced "
"saki (<em>Pithecia pithecia</em>) but the constellation and its significance "
"remain unknown.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-44\">[44]</a></sup>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:362
msgid "<em> Imenarikoya </em> 'Spirit of the scorpion'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:363
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Imenarikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; "
"was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of "
"an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known "
"myths about <em>Imenarikoya</em>. The constellation could be a case of "
"cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested "
"for the Kari'na constellation representing a scorpion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:365
msgid "<em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:366
msgid ""
"The constellation <em> Maraka </em> 'Rattle of the medicine-man' was "
"mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono "
"medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with "
"feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each "
"of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of "
"<em>koya</em>.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation "
"remains unidentified; there is no Karin'a or Warao equivalent and there are "
"no myths related to it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:368
msgid ""
"<em> Shimarhabokoya </em> 'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and <em> "
"Arakabosakoya </em> 'Spirit of the gun'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:369
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Shimarhabokoya</em> ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ "
"and <em>Arakabosakoya</em> ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by "
"Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> Both "
"constellations remain unidentified and do not have Kari’na and Warao "
"counterparts, and there are no myths related to them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:371
msgid "<em> Korherokoya </em> 'Spirit of the parrot'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:372
msgid ""
"The constellation&nbsp;<em>Korherokoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the "
"parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> The constellation refers to a spirit of "
"an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent "
"of the Kari’na constellation <em>Kurewako yumï</em> ‘Father of the "
"orange-winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (<em>Amazona "
"amazonica</em>). There are no known myths about <em>Korherokoya</em>. It "
"should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of "
"their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:374
msgid "<em> Kasipenikoya </em> 'Spirit of the sea turtle'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:375
msgid ""
"The constellation <em>Kasipenikoya</em> &lsquo;Spirit of the sea "
"turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.<sup><a "
"href=\"#footnote-11\">[11]</a></sup> It refers to the spirit of an "
"unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as "
"<em>Katarokoya</em>. The term <em>kataro</em> (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>) "
"appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that "
"<em>kasipeni</em> is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, "
"there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus <em>kataro</em> "
"and <em>kasipeni</em> can also refer to different species, and their spirits "
"be identified with different constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:378
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <a "
"href=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" class='external text' "
"title=\"https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka\" rel=\"nofollow\">Konrad "
"Rybka</a> and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname "
"(Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of "
"the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands "
"Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: "
"Rybka, Konrad 2018. <em>Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono "
"ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software. </em> Version 1.0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:383
msgid ""
"[1] Rybka, Konrad. 2015. <a "
"href=\"https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635\">“State-of-the-Art "
"in the Development of the Lokono Language.”</a> Language Documentation and "
"Conservation 9: 110–13."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:385
msgid ""
"[2] Rybka, Konrad. 2017. <a "
"href=\"https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml "
"\">“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”</a> In Boundaries "
"and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De "
"Gruyter, pp 257-281."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:388
msgid ""
"[3] Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y "
"Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones "
"Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, "
"83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:390
msgid ""
"[4] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, "
"and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing "
"Office."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:392
msgid ""
"[5] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of "
"the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales "
"d’ethnographie. 44."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:394
msgid ""
"[6] Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een "
"Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:396
msgid ""
"[7] Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I "
"- Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- "
"En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast "
"Asia 55 (1): 453–529."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:398
msgid ""
"[8] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of "
"Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te "
"Amsterdam."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:400
msgid ""
"[9] Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians "
"of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:402
msgid ""
"[10] Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of "
"the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of "
"American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:404
msgid ""
"[11] Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij "
"de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En "
"Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:406
msgid ""
"[12] Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being "
"Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: "
"K. Paul, Trench & Company."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:408
msgid ""
"[13] Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae "
"Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:410
msgid ""
"[14] Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their "
"Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:412
msgid ""
"[15] Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo "
"Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse "
"taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging "
"Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van "
"Amsterdam."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:414
msgid ""
"[16] Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, "
"Guyana."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:416
msgid ""
"[17] Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende "
"Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:418
msgid ""
"[18] Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal "
"de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:420
msgid ""
"[19] Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A "
"Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:422
msgid ""
"[20] Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: "
"Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:424
msgid ""
"[21] Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches "
"Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, "
"Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P "
". Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, "
"and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:426
msgid ""
"[22] Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: "
"Magoria Books."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/lokono/description.en.utf8:428
msgid ""
"[23] Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript "
"number:<a "
"href=\"https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml\"> "
"Mss.498.3.Sch8. </a>Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds "
"to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, "
"cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American "
"Philosophical Society."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Sky Map of Macedonian People"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized "
"by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 "
"villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 "
"inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed.  All collected information "
"from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” "
"(Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian "
"people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of "
"constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev "
"G., 2000)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "Mother Hen (Kvachka) <i>[Quatʃka]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people "
"in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the "
"star cluster Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "Rooster (Petal) <i>[Petel]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation "
"Taurus."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Hawk (Јastreb) <i>[Yastreb]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, "
"is right above them in an attacking position.  Bright star Capella (Kapela) "
"from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "Fox (Lisica) <i>[Lysitsa]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the "
"Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky.  The red "
"color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the "
"reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and "
"the Rooster."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Pigs (Svinji) <i>[Sviƞi]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster "
"Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people "
"to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Yoke (Jarem) <i>[Yarem]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation "
"Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is "
"why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of "
"people and purpose given to this part of the sky."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Ploughman (Orach) <i>[Oratʃ]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name "
"people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of "
"Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, "
"some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into "
"account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with "
"a goad as he returns home."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) <i>[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive "
"pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from "
"Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying "
"that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of "
"a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Wolves (Volci) <i>[Voltsi]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two "
"wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis "
"Major and Procyon in Canis Minor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) <i>[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Threshing floor (Gumno) <i>[Goumno]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people "
"to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing "
"from his Godson."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "Cross (Krst) <i>[Krst]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s "
"might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to "
"the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "Ears (Ushi) <i>[Uʃi]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:44
msgid ""
"By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of "
"the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "Trivet (Pirustija) <i>[Pirustiya]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the "
"fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Tongs (Mashi) <i>[Maʃy]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s "
"constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) <i>[Sofra]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked "
"the image of a wooden round table called sofra."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Auger (Svrdel) <i>[Svrdǝl]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:56
msgid ""
"People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and "
"is found inside the Priest’s Straw"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "Thieves (Aramii) <i>[Arami:]</i>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:59
msgid ""
"The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group "
"of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves "
"„because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves "
"that circle around houses“"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:64
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/\">Macedonian Research "
"Society</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:65
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C\">Cenev, Gjore "
"(1985). <em>The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's "
"people.</em> \"Publications of the Astronomical Society of \"Rudjer "
"Bošković\", No. 4, p. 139 - 146\". Belgrade, Yugoslavia</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:66
msgid ""
"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Sky Map of Macedonian People.</em> Skopje, "
"Mladinski kulturen centar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:67
msgid ""
"Cenev, Gjore (2004). <em>Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].</em> "
"Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:68
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C\">Cenev, Gjore "
"(2008). <em>Macedonian Folk Constellations.</em> Publications of the "
"Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, "
"Serbia.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:69
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People\">Cenev, "
"Gjore (2014). <em>The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.</em> Cosmos "
"– The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, "
"Scotland, United Kingdom.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/macedonian/description.en.utf8:74
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Vancho Stojkoski</i> and <i>Gjore "
"Cenev</i> from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book "
"<b>Sky over Macedonia</b> by Cenev G, 2004."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Maori (New Zealand)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night "
"sky. But it differs enough to warrant it's own sky culture. Maritime themes "
"are central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical "
"navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of "
"prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Maori_.28New_Zealand.29\">Maori "
"sky culture on Stellarium Wiki</a>: a more complete version of this text."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.astronomynz.org/\">The Phoenix Astronomical "
"Society</a>: a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New "
"Zealand)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/maori/description.en.utf8:11 ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:86
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Dan Smale</i>, "
"d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Maya"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the "
"pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let "
"them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to "
"perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political "
"and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and "
"stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many "
"researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to "
"be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as "
"“codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus "
"would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar "
"and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of "
"their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and "
"agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was "
"an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as "
"original by some scholars)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h5>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:3
msgid "<em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first "
"explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris "
"Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found "
"it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has "
"suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite "
"of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the "
"mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations "
"(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not "
"(Špoták, 2015)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h5>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:7
msgid "<em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume "
"that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "
"\"swallow\" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line "
"while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different "
"animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations "
"are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most "
"probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the "
"images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to "
"the interpretation of the contributors of this culture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "<em>Bird <i>[Ch’oom]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since "
"it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions "
"(Špoták, 2015)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:13 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:16 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:19 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:20 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:23 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:24 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:27 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:28 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:31 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:34 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:37 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:40 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:43 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:56 ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "&nbsp;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "<em>Shark <i>[Xoc]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the "
"elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some "
"scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<em>Owl <i>[Kulte']</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and "
"feathers on the head that it exhibits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "<em>Jaguar <i>[Balaam]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related "
"to the skin of this animal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "<em>Death <i>[Kimi]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear "
"whether it's an animal or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "<em>Scorpion <i>[Sina'an]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:30
msgid ""
"Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western "
"culture Scorpion constellation, because of the \"twisted\" body that is "
"suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is "
"closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the "
"Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "<em>Rattlesnake <i>[Chaan]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"This animal is present through many species in the central america "
"environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the "
"Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical "
"rattling ending of this reptile."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "<em>Bat <i>[Zool]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that "
"this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "<em>Toad <i>[Uo]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of "
"teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this "
"animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "<em>Turtle <i>[Aak]</i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:42
msgid ""
"The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the "
"Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not "
"really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the "
"Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three "
"points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this "
"turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, "
"instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and "
"ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol "
"Vuh</i>) are described below:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "<em>Hole-backed Caiman: <i>[Way Paat Ahiin] </i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This "
"half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before "
"the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of "
"the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the "
"sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of "
"the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current "
"order of things."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "<em>Paddler Gods: </em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:51
msgid ""
"This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods "
"in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the "
"stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, "
"and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire "
"asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos "
"to take place."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "<em>Primordial Fire: <i>[Oxib'Xk'ub] </i></em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:55
msgid ""
"This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke "
"represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars "
"representing the three hearthstones."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "<em>Pecaries: </em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:59
msgid ""
"These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor "
"and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak "
"mural."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "Stars and Planets Names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:63
msgid ""
"Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of "
"time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:65
msgid ""
"<b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and "
"Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at "
"night."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:66
msgid ""
"<b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February "
"to track the time at night."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:67
msgid ""
"<b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called "
"like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end "
"of the dry season, in April."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:68
msgid ""
"<b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God "
"of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used "
"to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic "
"period."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:71
msgid "Authors and References"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:72
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier "
"Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at "
"Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based "
"primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:74
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download\">The "
"Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript "
"(Dissertation)</a> by Jakub Špoták"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:75
msgid ""
"Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993)<i> Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand "
"Years On The Shaman's Path, </i>New York: William Morrow and Company Inc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:76
msgid ""
"Aveni, A.(2005)<i> Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo, </i>Mexico "
"D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:77
msgid ""
"Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It,<i> "
"Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture </i>, XIV(1), pp.: "
"39-58."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:78
msgid ""
"Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) <a "
"href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010\">El "
"mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes "
"mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas "
"fundaciones</a>, <i>Estudios de cultura maya</i>, 45(45), pp. 9-48."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "Links of Interest"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:84
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex\">Wikipedia: The Paris "
"Codex</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/maya/description.en.utf8:85
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak\">Bonampak, Viviendo "
"el tiempo maya</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Mongolian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental "
"civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely "
"influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in "
"numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild "
"and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of their "
"cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they "
"benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get "
"one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching "
"the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their "
"imaginary facing the sky."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is "
"symbolized by the golden stick (<em>Altan Hadaas</em>). Almost all Mongolian "
"asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names "
"like <em>Num Sum</em> (The Bow and the Arrow)  for the constellation Swan, "
"or <em>Doloon Burkhan</em> for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer "
"triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags "
"(<em>Gurvan Maral Od</em> in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the "
"Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "Planets and Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of "
"the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are "
"not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after "
"the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the "
"five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun "
"(<em>Nar</em>) for Sunday and the Moon (<em>Sar</em>) for Monday. The names "
"of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in "
"Mongolian. Mercury is named <em>Bud</em> (associated with Wednesday), Venus, "
"<em>Sugar</em> (associated with Friday), the Earth, <em>Delkhii</em>, Mars, "
"<em>Angarag</em> (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, <em>Barhasbadi</em> "
"(associated with Thursday), Saturn, <em>Sanchir</em> (associated with "
"Saturday), Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, Neptune, <em>Dalai-van</em> and "
"at last Pluto, <em>Dalkhii-van</em>. We can see that the three last, "
"invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have "
"the characteristic to have the particle <em>-van</em> at the end of the "
"name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian.  Earth and Pluto are "
"named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible "
"to translate from Mongolian Pluto like \"The princely ground\" (ground and "
"not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the "
"Earth. Uranus, <em>Tengeriin-van</em>, could be translated as \"princely "
"sky\", and Neptun, <em>Dalai-van</em>, as the \"princely "
"ocean\". Nevertheless, this particle has no real equivalent in English, and "
"translations above are presented to give an idea of the planets name's "
"meaning. However, the names of the celestial bodies specified here come from "
"Sanskrit (language spoken in India) and are largely used in the current "
"language in Mongolia but in an unofficial way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:59
msgid ""
"It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating "
"other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, <em>Tengeriin Zadas</em> "
"appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the \"Sky "
"Line\" (<em>Tengeriin</em> for the sky, which also means the god of the sky, "
"and <em>Zadas</em> for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore concerns "
"Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Big Bear. It symbolises the "
"recover and protection star. It was placed here by <em>Tengeriin</em> (god "
"of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th "
"century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with "
"the naked eye."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:71
msgid ""
"From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back "
"to <em>Ulug Beg</em> (AD1394-1449; <em>Taraghay</em> by his real name), "
"astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as "
"far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined "
"celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to "
"extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (<em>Sanchir</em>) "
"with a sextant of 40 meters radius."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Myths and Legends"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "The Great Bear"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:83
msgid ""
"Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation "
"is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and "
"body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:88
msgid ""
"Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding "
"capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it "
"peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked "
"the eight brothers to bring her back and said: \"If one of you succeeds to "
"rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow\". The orphans went "
"together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days "
"and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and "
"killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:96
msgid ""
"The king did not cut out the arrow in eight parts, he decided to threw it in "
"the sky. The first to catch it could keep it. The younger brother succeeded "
"the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The seven "
"others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their younger "
"brother every night. The name <em>Doloon burkhan</em> (the Seven Buddhas) "
"come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden Stick, "
"<em>Altan Hadaas</em>, the Polar Star."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:106
msgid ""
"A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian "
"people and the Great Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to "
"each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese "
"calendar. Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the "
"Mongolian calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an "
"animal, itself associated to a star of the constellation Great Bear. The "
"first, Dubhe, corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds "
"to the ox and so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid "
"symbolizes the year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep "
"year and we repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the "
"Chinese calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of "
"the tail are assigned one time only."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:120
msgid ""
"[Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described "
"by <em>Elverskog</em>. There however, the association of the stars goes in "
"an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, "
"Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:127
msgid "Shooting stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:129
msgid ""
"Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through "
"their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a "
"star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just "
"died. Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: \"Phew, it is "
"not me!\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:135
msgid "Neglected Legends"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:137
msgid ""
"Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and <em>Hun "
"Tavan Od</em> (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost "
"forgotten by most Mongolians:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:143
msgid ""
"At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry "
"meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very good "
"archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns without "
"missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself all the "
"fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot (groundhog) to "
"ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, pulled a first "
"arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth which destroyed "
"the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards the last sun, "
"when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The bird was "
"hit. The man had not reach his goal, so he left towards exile in a hole, cut "
"his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved our Sun, "
"otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:158
msgid ""
"We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the "
"Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist "
"religion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:162
msgid "Eclipses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:165
msgid ""
"At that time lived a scary monster named <em>Raah</em> which frightened the "
"entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god "
"<em>Orchiwaani</em> owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became "
"immortal. One day, <em>Raah</em> stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and "
"the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to "
"<em>Orchiwaani</em>. Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he "
"went to fight the monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again "
"immediately because <em>Raah</em> had become immortal. He thought then to "
"cut its tail in order to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just "
"as <em>Orchiwaani</em> would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped "
"and disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then <em>Orchiwaani</em> asked "
"the Moon, who recaptured <em>Raah</em> and cut its rump and its tail. In "
"revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which "
"exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:182
msgid ""
"When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that <em>Raah</em> "
"devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster "
"liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck "
"wrote:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:187
msgid ""
"\"Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to "
"other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about "
"to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the "
"door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum "
"and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished, "
"they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party.\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:196
msgid ""
"(Source: <em>Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols</em> by Jean-Paul Roux "
"(French). <em>Revue de l'histoire des religions</em>, tome 195 n°2, "
"1979. pp; 153-192.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:200
msgid ""
"Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their "
"tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for "
"the tourists. Also note the similarity of <em>Raah</em> with Indian "
"<em>Rahu</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><h5>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:205
msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:207
msgid ""
"Cassiopeia (<em>Hun Tavan Od</em>) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity "
"for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the "
"five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><blockquote><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:212
msgid ""
"Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the "
"time. Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should "
"try to untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain "
"united with other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard "
"times. Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would "
"remain united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious "
"at the time of wars."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:222
msgid "Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:224
msgid ""
"According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one "
"hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:227
msgid ""
"Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Great Bear (<em>Doloon Burkhan</em>)  by "
"throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in "
"Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several "
"persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk "
"can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark "
"color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, "
"quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:239
msgid ""
"The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian "
"cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs "
"which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission "
"is essentially verbal, and so few written traces exist about these "
"subjects. It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with "
"high fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this "
"cosmogony, every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:248
msgid "Acknowledgements and Further Reading"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:251
msgid ""
"Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in "
"the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:252
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://uranoscope.free.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\">L'Uranoscope de "
"France</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:253
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://www.afanet.fr\" rel=\"nofollow\"> L'Association Française "
"d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:255
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://www.outofnowhere.asia\" rel=\"nofollow\">OutOfNowhere</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:256
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867\">Johan "
"Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. </a> Journal of the International "
"Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <img><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/mongolian/description.en.utf8:261
msgid ""
"This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, "
"<strong>Anthony Lagain</strong> (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and "
"<strong>Batiste Rousseau</strong> (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com)  mainly "
"based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in "
"Mongolia. To learn more about them: <a "
"href=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/\" "
"rel=\"nofollow\">www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com</a> (in French)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Navajo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the "
"Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and "
"northwestern New Mexico."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.navajo.org\">The Navajo Nation</a> official website"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html\">http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html\">http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/navajo/description.en.utf8:18
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Karrie Berglund</i> of Digitalis "
"Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book <b>Star "
"Trails-Navajo</b> by Don Childrey."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Norse"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html\">Norse "
"Constellations</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/norse/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Jonas Persson</i>, "
"jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Northern Andes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the "
"different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting "
"from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to "
"ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to "
"understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and "
"other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the "
"changes that affect living beings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:4
msgid ""
"In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean "
"observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we "
"will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will "
"fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can "
"admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these \"cosmic mirrors\" and "
"analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as "
"well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the "
"ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current "
"prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic "
"configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in "
"several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially "
"decoded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement "
"that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and "
"proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on "
"the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north) "
"and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled (more "
"to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main "
"festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar "
"because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos \"the Indians knew the "
"leap years\"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic "
"movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we "
"suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March "
"equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime "
"(12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in "
"time thanks to the \"Date / Time Window\" from year to year and we will "
"notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation "
"begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to "
"the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, "
"also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start "
"the cycle again."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"We consider that by means of \"stellar mirrors\" the sages could register "
"the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the "
"nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, "
"as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so "
"these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony "
"giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "<b>March Equinox</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <li>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"<b>\"Antonio Quinatoa\" Cross:</b> At dusk the first stars to appear are: "
"Sirius - Proción - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named \"Antonio "
"Quinatoa\". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "<b>September Equinox</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <li>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"<b>Molestina Triangle:</b> The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - "
"Antares who make up the triangle named \"Molestina\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"<b>Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:</b> Thanks to the hard work in the "
"registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation "
"named \"Daniela Alejandra Ayala\", cosmic set that accompanies the image of "
"the \"Mono Andino\", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of "
"the female equinox."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "<b>June Solstice</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"<b>South Cross:</b> The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer "
"Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ "
"Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the \"Southern Cross\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "<b>December Solstice</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"<b>The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:</b> The most outstanding stars in the "
"evening of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar "
"- Navi - K Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, "
"the resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the "
"December solstice It is in an East - West direction."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of "
"each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms "
"(diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle, "
"apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in the "
"dark constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:42
msgid "The Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <li>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a "
"large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth "
"means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate "
"a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated "
"to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the \"Muyun\" for many peoples, "
"it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or "
"stars; the astral beings are housed in the \"dark spots\" existing in the "
"brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual "
"path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding "
"constellation in each \"visible end\" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar "
"movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked "
"the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or "
"festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and "
"veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious "
"thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Dark Constellations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:51
msgid ""
"Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, "
"also called \"Wilca\" or \"Otorongo\", indicates the arrival of the crops of "
"tender grains."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female "
"cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural "
"processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The \"Hampatu\" is the animal that has "
"several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June "
"solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:54
msgid ""
"Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as \"the Man and the "
"Spear\" or \"The Dancer\", the constellation governs the December solstice."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
msgid ""
"These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of <b>the legacy "
"of Ancestral Knowledge</b> protected and compiled by the <b>Clan Quinatoa, "
"guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - "
"Ecuador</b>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:60
msgid ""
"The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala "
"Quinatoa in \"Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught "
"me\"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/northern_andes/description.en.utf8:62
msgid ""
"The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the "
"Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book \"Ancestral "
"Representations and Colors of the Cosmos\" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage "
"of Ecuador)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Ojibwe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Ojibwe are one of the largest groups of indigenous people of North America "
"(United States and Canada).  Depending on the region, Ojibwe are known for "
"birch bark canoes, wildrice-<i>manoomin</i>, and maple syrup.  Also known as "
"Anishinaabe and Chippewa.  The word Ojibwe means ‘cooks food outside’.  "
"The Ojibwe Star Knowledge files available for Stellarium are an adaptation "
"of the <b><i>“Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan, Ojibiwe Sky Star "
"Map”</i></b>, created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, 2012.  More details "
"can be found in the constellation guidebook <b><i>Ojibwe Sky Star Map "
"Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe Star Knowledge</i></b>. Also "
"available are Ojibwe star map posters, Ojibwe planispheres, curriculum, and "
"other resources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"<i>Gaadidnaway,Mishi bizhiw</i>,Curly Tail, Great Panther, Leo & head of "
"Hydra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "<i>Madoodiswan</i>,Sweat Lodge, Corona"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "<i>Biboonkeonini</i>,Wintermaker, Orion with arms to Procyon & Aldebaran"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "<i>Maang</i>,Loon, Ursa Minor (Little Dipper)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "<i>Ojiig</i>,Fisher, Ursa Major (Big Dipper)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "<i>Giwedin’Anung</i>,North Star, Polaris"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "<i>Mooz</i>,Moose, Pegasus & Lacerta"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "<i>Bugonagiizhig</i>,Hole in the Sky, Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:15
msgid "<i>Madoo'asinik</i>,Sweating Stones, Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "<i>Ajiijaak/Bineshi Okanin</i>,Crane/Skeleton Bird, Cygnus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "<i>Noondeshin Bemaadizid</i>,Exhausted Bather, part of Hercules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "<i>Nanaboujou</i>,Nanaboujou, Scorpio"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "<i>Anung</i>,Star,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "<i>Anung aki</i>,Star World"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "<i>Dibik-giizis (Night Sun)</i>,Moon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "<i>Giizis</i>,Sun"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "<i>Giizhig</i>,Sky"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:24
msgid "<i>Ikwe'anung (Women's Star)</i>,Venus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "<i>Onaagoshi'anung</i>,Venus -Evening Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "<i>Waabun'anung</i>,Venus - Morning Star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "<i>Maingan Mikan (Wolf Trail)</i>,Ecliptic"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "<i>Jiibaykona (Spirit Path)</i>,Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "<i>Jiibay Ziibi (River of Souls)</i>,Milky Way"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "<i>Bangishin anung</i>,Meteor/Falling star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "<i>Gaagige Giizhig (Forever Sky)</i>,Universe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:32
msgid "<i>Anung Nibwakawin</i>,Star Knowledge (Wisdom)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "<i>Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan</i>,(Sky) Star map"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "<i>Waabanong (Waaban)</i>,East"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "<i>Ningabianong (Nigagbii'an)</i>,West"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:36
msgid "<i>Giiwedinong (Giiwedinang/Giiwendin)</i>,North"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "<i>Zhaawanong (Zhaawan)</i>,South"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:43
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://web.stcloudstate.edu/aslee/OJIBWEMAP/home.html\">Ojibwe Map "
"webpage, includes audio recordings of Ojibwe pronunciation and other "
"resources.</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:44
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Ojibwe-Sky-Star-Map-Constellation/dp/0615986781?ie=UTF8&keywords=ojibwe%20stars&qid=1461769178&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1\">Ojibwe "
"Sky Star Map Constellation Guide</a> book on amazon.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"This Ojibwe star knowledge was contributed by Annette S. Lee, Director of "
"<i>Native Skywatchers</i>, a research and programming initiative aimed at "
"revitalizing native star knowledge, especially Ojibwe and D(L)akota. Based "
"on the star map <i><b>Ojibwe Giizhig Anung Masinaaigan - Ojibwe Sky Star "
"Map</b></i> created by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy and the book "
"<i><b>Ojibwe Sky Star Map Constellation Guide: An Introduction to Ojibwe "
"Star Knowledge</b> </i>by A. Lee, W. Wilson, C. Gawboy, J. Tibbetts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/ojibwe/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "Constellation Paintings by A. Lee & W. Wilson."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Romanian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three "
"essential components."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in "
"which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as "
"an \"exhibition\" of agricultural tools used by peasants."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization "
"of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian "
"and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with "
"cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a "
"church."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on "
"the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by "
"the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of "
"Dacians mixing with the Romans."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"<strong>Note</strong>: in Western Constellation Orion there are four "
"Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "External links:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.crt-ro.com\">Website for Tradițional Romanian "
"Constellation</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale\">On-line "
"booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro\">30 "
"seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"<a h "
"href=\"http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news\">Romanian "
"peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion "
"Ottescu</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "<a href=\"http://planetariubm.ro/\">PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><h3>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Authors:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <a "
"href=\"mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com\">Mircea Lite</a> on behalf of Baia Mare "
"Planetarium, as a result of a project called <em>Traditional Romanian "
"Constellations</em> primarily based on the book <em>Romanian peasants "
"beliefs in stars and sky</em> by Ioan Otescu."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies "
"prepared by <a href=\"mailto:rlodina@gmail.com\">Radu Lodina</a> and <a "
"href=\"mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com\">Ovidiu Ignat</a>. Romanian constellation "
"art done by Zamfir Somcutean."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/romanian/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"All materials related to Traditional Romanian Constellations are released "
"under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Sami"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:3
msgid ""
"The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern "
"Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula).  More "
"information can be found at <a "
"href=\"http://www.eng.samer.se/\">samer.se</a> and in the <a "
"href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_people\">Sami people article in "
"Wikipedia</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:8 ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:28 ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:43
msgid "Sources"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark <i>Bæi'vi "
"mánno nástit</i> (Swedish title: <i>Sol- och månkult samt astrala och "
"celesta föreställninga bland samerna</i> [<i>Sun and Moon cult and astral "
"and celestial concepts among the Sami</i>], 1982), who based much of his "
"work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different "
"cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami.  "
"Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may "
"be small differences with some references."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old "
"religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role "
"for Sami peoples in years gone by."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic "
"cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture "
"was lost before it was recorded properly."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:26
msgid "Constellations and Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing "
"during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is "
"complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to "
"the dominant constellation, <i>Sarva</i> &mdash; the elk.  Sarva is the Sami "
"name for elk, an alternative name is <i>Sarvvis</i> &mdash; Bull elk.  The "
"origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture "
"before reindeer were domesticated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"<i>Sarva</i> consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and "
"parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent "
"hunters of the elk.  <i>Favdna</i> (also transcribed as <i>Favtna</i>) is "
"the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his "
"bow and arrow (<i>Fauna davgge</i> &mdash; the Big Dipper).  Favdna must aim "
"well, for if he hits the Sky Support <i>Boahjenaste</i> (the star Polaris), "
"legend has it that the world will come to an end."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"Favdna has a number of helpers: <i>Galla</i> (Procyon<sup><a "
"href=\"#note1\">1</a></sup>)  and his sons <i>Gallabarneck</i> (Orion's "
"belt), the \"Ski Runners\", <i>Cuoigahægjek</i> (Castor and Pollux) and "
"\"The Runner\" (Vega). The Pleiades are called <i>Rougot</i> (dog pack)  or "
"<i>Miese-cora</i> (calfpack)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:46
msgid ""
"The Milky Way is called <i>Lodde-raiddaras</i> (lit. bird path) or "
"<i>Jakke-mærka</i> (lit. year mark).  The name used depends on the "
"season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star "
"<i>Guovso-naste</i>, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this "
"is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the "
"morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:52
msgid ""
"The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is "
"thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami "
"people's range.  Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays "
"below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is "
"frequently bright enough to obscure many stars."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:59
msgid ""
"<a name=\"note1\" />The exact star which represents <i>Galla</i> is "
"uncertain.  it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as "
"Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the "
"latitude where the Sami live."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sami/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Sardinian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their "
"eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world "
"has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian "
"culture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php\">Stars and "
"constellations in sardinian language</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts\">Stellarium "
"Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian\">Stellarium "
"Wiki</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user <i>Giuseppe "
"Putzolu</i>, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Credits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/sardinian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done "
"by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Russian (Siberian)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly "
"studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about "
"constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In "
"this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which "
"typical for the whole of Siberia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished "
"into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., <em>Goose Road</em>) "
"and the name of a later period (<em>Mamay Road</em>). The names of the later "
"period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar "
"invasion to Russia."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but "
"all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a "
"bird's nest. Among these names <em>Duck Nest</em> is the most common."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"In Siberia often used name for this constellation is <em>Elk</em> (although "
"in Eastern Siberia the name \"Bear\" is used more frequently)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of "
"his belt, who called <em>Kichigi</em> (the Threshers) - is typical for "
"north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In "
"the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major "
"constellation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:30
msgid "Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:31
msgid ""
"Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj "
"mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: "
"Knizhnyj dvor \"LIBROKOM\", 2011. - 192 s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS "
"KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/russian_siberian/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Tongan (Tonga)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the "
"practical application of nautical navigation. In some circumstances "
"separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot "
"be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of "
"numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on "
"which Tongan island group it originates from.  The nomenclature of stars is "
"approximated based on the limited resources available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, "
"Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable "
"exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: "
"&alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan "
"islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the "
"event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational "
"landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of "
"Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This "
"is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and "
"Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being "
"easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night "
"sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two "
"anomalies.]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in "
"the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in "
"Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Velt Kik, <em>Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga</em>, 1990 'Atenisi "
"University, Nuku'alofa , Tonga Government printing department."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"T.H Fale, <em>Tongan astronomy</em>, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, "
"Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"E. E. V. Collocott, <em>Tongan astronomy and calendar</em>, 1992 Occasional "
"Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and "
"Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, "
"p. 157-173."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Tongan term"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "Humu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:46
msgid "Coal sack"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:47
msgid "Kaniva"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "Ma'afulele"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:48
msgid "Large Magellan cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Ma'afutoka"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:49
msgid "Small Magellan cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "'otu Ma'afu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:50
msgid "Magellanic clouds (both)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "Ha'amonga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:51
msgid "Ecliptic"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:52
msgid "Mahina"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:53
msgid "La'a"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "Fetu'u"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:54
msgid "Star (in general)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Fetu'ufuka"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:55
msgid "Comet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "'Umata"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:56
msgid "Rainbow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "Fetu'u'Esiafi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:57
msgid "Falling star"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:58
msgid "tapukitea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:59
msgid "Matamemea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:60
msgid "Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:61
msgid "Ma'afulele (same as LMC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "Velitoa hififo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:62
msgid "Rigel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "Velitoa hahake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:63
msgid "Betelguese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:64
msgid "Hikule'o"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Monuafe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:65
msgid "Meissa"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "Motuliki"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:67
msgid "Tu'ulalupe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:68
msgid "Toloatonga"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "Toloalahi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:69
msgid "False Cross"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:72
msgid "<strong>Tongan constellations</strong>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "Tongan name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:74
msgid "Designation or notes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Tuinga ika"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "Part of Orion, belt and sword"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "Ae e'Uvea"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:76
msgid "Corona Borealis (<em>Speculative</em>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "Fatanalua"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:77
msgid "Coma Berenices (<em>Speculative</em>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
msgid "Kapakau'o'tafahi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:78
msgid "Cassiopeia (<em>Speculative</em>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
msgid "Toloa"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:79
msgid "Belt of Orion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Lua tangata"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:80
msgid "Castor and/or Pollux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "Fungasia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:81
msgid "Toliman and/or Agena"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
#: ../../skycultures/tongan/description.en.utf8:82
msgid "Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h1>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Tukano Constellations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Tukano is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around "
"the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group "
"shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro "
"bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h5>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"<em>One circular calendar developed in 2007. For more details, please refer "
"to:</em>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/processaPesquisa.php?listaDetalhes[]=4584&processar=Processar\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Abstract</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5684\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Thesis</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:11
msgid "CONSTELLATIONS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural "
"phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who "
"speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of "
"constellations. There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We "
"presented here essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the "
"Tukano constellations.  Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these "
"Indians sky conceptions or presents new constellation descriptions. Though "
"we are establishing limits and configurations to these constellations that "
"are new to us (non- Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge "
"in the same way.  Their conceptions about sky and Universe are different "
"when compared with ours. They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the "
"Universe as a whole, like us."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people "
"and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school "
"students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as "
"you’ll see below."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are "
"observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during "
"the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena "
"related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s "
"head setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease "
"of the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied "
"with an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these "
"changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group "
"for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat "
"some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and "
"microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either.  So, a "
"phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside "
"a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this "
"region. Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex "
"relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, "
"Portuguese and English.  Ex. Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
msgid "Aña or Aña Diaso\\Jararaca\\Fer-de-lance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca\" class='external "
"text' rel=\"nofollow\">Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona "
"Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the "
"beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
msgid "Pamõ\\Tatu\\Armadillo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:21
msgid ""
"This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila "
"constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar "
"field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Darsiu\\camarão de rio\\freshwater shrimp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:22
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
msgid "Mhua\\Jacundá (peixe)\\A kind of fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:23
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius "
"and Pisces area.  But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during "
"the night."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
msgid "Yai\\onça\\puma or jaguar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:25
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Yai - Onça - Jaguar</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:26
msgid ""
"It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north "
"portions of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is "
"described inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "Yhe\\garça\\egret"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:27
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Yhé - Garça - Egret</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those "
"stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose "
"the first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of "
"São José II tribe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
msgid "Yurara\\tartaruga\\turtle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:30
msgid ""
"This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross "
"constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also "
"means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Nhorkoatero\\grupo de estrelas\\Pleiades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"The translation of <em>nhorkoatero</em> is literally group of "
"stars. Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper "
"within a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy "
"period pointer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Waikhasa\\moquém\\a kind of recipient to cook fish"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:33
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind "
"of grill to cook fish)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:34
msgid ""
"It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the "
"bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades.  This is an easy asterism to be "
"seen all over the sky."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "Sioyahpu\\enxó\\instrument do carve wood"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br><ul>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze\" class='external text' "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:36
msgid ""
"As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this "
"constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation "
"represents to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Sipé Phairo\\cobra de ânus grande\\a snake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3><br>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:38
msgid ""
"This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when "
"this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in "
"the main river are swallowed by it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:39
msgid "Diayo/lontra/otter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:40
msgid ""
"Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié "
"river, this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Cannis "
"Major in that region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:41
msgid "Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:42
msgid ""
"Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in "
"some special Tukano ceremonies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:44
msgid "SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:45
msgid ""
"This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, "
"conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis "
"(Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in "
"practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about "
"constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky "
"mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in "
"special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we "
"created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from "
"differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting "
"and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major "
"constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of "
"his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4><br>
#: ../../skycultures/tukano/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and "
"Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Tupi-Guarani"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the "
"indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep "
"track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily "
"life.  In the book <i>Histoire de la Mission de Pères Capucins en l'Isle de "
"Maragnan et terres circonvoisins</i>, published in Paris, 1614, it is stated "
"that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book "
"only details seven."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:8
msgid "Ema"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:9
msgid ""
"The Tupi name for this constellation is <i>Iandutim</i> (<i>Guirá "
"Nhandu</i> in Guarani), which literally translates to <i>White "
"Ostrich</i>. The constellation depicts a large bird."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the "
"Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South "
"of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><h4>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Homem Velho (the Old Man)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the "
"evening Eastern sky.  This marks the beginning of summer in the southern "
"parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people\">The Tupi People</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:20
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf\">The "
"Brazilian Indigenous Constellations</a> by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugese)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/tupi/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user <i>Paulo Marcelo "
"Pontes</i>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Vanuatu (Netwar)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran "
"among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is <a "
"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">published online</a>. Netwar "
"language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called \"Lenakel language\" "
"after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in "
"Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of "
"Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:4
msgid "Solar system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:6
msgid "Sun: Met"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:7
msgid "Moon: Mawuk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky "
"the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép "
"malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is "
"setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:12
msgid "Last quarter: Numanmel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Waning crescent: Numanmel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:14
msgid "Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:16
msgid "Venus:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:18
msgid "Morning star: Fétukai"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:19
msgid "Evening star: Kéwita"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:21
msgid "Jupiter: Karatéi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:27
msgid "In general: Mahau"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:28
msgid "Aldebaran: Kapaumeta"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:31
msgid "Constellations and deep-sky objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:32
msgid ""
"Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the "
"reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western "
"sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:34
msgid "LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:35
msgid ""
"Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown "
"meaning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:36
msgid "Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:38
msgid "Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it "
"is time to prepare gardens"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:40
msgid "Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:41
msgid ""
"Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages "
"with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time "
"when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:42
msgid ""
"Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen "
"Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:45
msgid "Names of objects with unknown position"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or "
"to rise close to it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:48
msgid ""
"Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the "
"morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:49
msgid ""
"Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in "
"September in the morning near zenith"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:50
msgid ""
"Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in "
"February in the morning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:55
msgid ""
"Project <a href=\"http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/\">Vanuatu Sky</a> "
"including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:56
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language\">Netwar language "
"on Wikipedia</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:60
msgid ""
"This sky culture was contributed by <i>Dominik M. Ramík</i>. Web: <a "
"href=\"http://dominicweb.eu\">dominicweb.eu</a>, e-mail: <a "
"href=\"mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz\">dominik.ramik@seznam.cz</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/vanuatu_netwar/description.en.utf8:61
msgid ""
"Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral "
"knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from "
"Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, "
"Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from "
"Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Western"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
"astronomy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:5 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"The Western culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various "
"sizes called <i>constellations</i>, each with precise boundary, issued by "
"the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the "
"standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky "
"cultures exhaustively in daily usage."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:8
msgid ""
"Most of traditional western star names came from Arabic. In astronomy, "
"Bayer/Flamsteed designations and other star catalogues are widely used "
"instead of traditional names except few cases where the traditional names "
"are more famous than the designations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:10
msgid "Alternative asterism files for Stellarium"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:11
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://wackymorningdj.users.sourceforge.net/ha_rey_stellarium.zip\" "
"class='external text' rel=\"nofollow\">Asterisms by H.A. Rey</a>, from his "
"book \"The Stars: A New Way To See Them\", by <a class='external text' "
"href=\"http://sourceforge.net/users/wackymorningdj/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mike "
"Richards</a>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:15 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:14
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation\" "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation</a> article at Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:16 ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:15
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue\" class='external "
"text' title=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star catalogue\" "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Star Catalogue</a> article at Wikipedia"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western/description.en.utf8:17
msgid ""
"<a "
"href=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\" "
"class='external text' "
"title=\"http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/\" "
"rel=\"nofollow\">Constellation image library</a> of the U.S. Naval "
"Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius "
"Engravings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Sky & Telescope"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:2
msgid ""
"Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is "
"the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union.  It has "
"historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic "
"astronomy.  The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & "
"Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & "
"Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & "
"Telescope magazine."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:7
msgid ""
"Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines "
"for Microscopium or Mensa."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:10
msgid ""
"The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in "
"the included <i>SnT_star_names.docx</i> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:13
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://www.skyandtelescope.com\" class='external text' "
"title=\"Sky & Telescope\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sky & Telescope</a> homepage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_SnT/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/\" class='external text' "
"title=\"http://www.iau.org/public/constellations\" rel=\"nofollow\">Official "
"IAU constellation information</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Western (O.Hlad)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:3
msgid "Constellations according to classical Czech publication:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:6
msgid ""
"Hlad, Hovorka, Polechová, Weiselová (1988): <em>Hvězdná obloha "
"2000.0</em>. Praha: Geodetický a kartografický podnik."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:9
msgid "Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:12
msgid ""
"Hlad, Hovorka, Sojka, Weiselová (2000): <em>Atlas Coeli Novus "
"2000.0</em>. Praha: Hvězdárna a planetárium hl. m. Prahy, ETC publishing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:13
msgid "Pittich, Kalmančok (1981): <em>Obloha na dlani</em>. Bratislava: Obzor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:19
msgid ""
"Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with "
"Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least "
"similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure "
"(like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir).  We usually "
"do <em>not</em> use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot "
"in towns affected by light pollution.  The resulting figures are also a bit "
"simpler and easier-to-remember for children.  We use these constellations at "
"the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové (<a "
"href=\"http://www.astrohk.cz\">http://www.astrohk.cz</a>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:28
msgid ""
"Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies "
"are just behind Bear's head.  Gem is a similar case.  Cam seems upside-down "
"with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed "
"brighter."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h3>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:33
msgid "Updates"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:35
msgid "Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_hlad/description.en.utf8:37
msgid ""
"Future updates should be available at <a "
"href=\"http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/\">http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h2>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:1
msgid "Western: H.A. Rey"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:5
msgid ""
"During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated "
"atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of "
"fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to "
"be shown connected with line patterns (\"stick figures\"), which however "
"appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to "
"which constellation.  Over several decades the figures had ceased to "
"resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to "
"beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:16
msgid ""
"H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of "
"children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his "
"answer to this problem in 1952 with the book <em>The Stars - A New Way To "
"See Them</em>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:22
msgid "The Constellations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:24
msgid ""
"In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey "
"connected the stars of every constellation \"in such a way that the "
"resulting shape makes sense.\" What surprised him was \"that nobody has done "
"it before. The basic idea is so simple.\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:29
msgid ""
"Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted "
"constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, "
"therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick "
"figures.  The constellation names were also always given in English by "
"Rey. If you switch to \"Native\" name display mode, you may see exactly the "
"spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those "
"included in the book."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <h4>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:37
msgid "Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:39
msgid ""
"Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and "
"describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of "
"asterisms of the two Dippers and the \"Great Square\" (of Pegasus).  "
"However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures "
"described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of "
"the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For "
"example,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:47
msgid ""
"Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (<em>Ursa Major</em>)  to look "
"like a polar bear scenting prey.  This on one hand does not have the usual "
"problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown "
"to walk around the pole in this orientation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:53
msgid ""
"The Bull (<em>Taurus</em>), only the front of which is shown with long "
"upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including "
"its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye "
"<em>Aldebaran</em> now lies in its neck."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:58
msgid ""
"The head of <em>Hercules</em> is usually next to the head of "
"<em>Ophiuchus</em>, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "
"\"keystone\" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the "
"star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:63
msgid ""
"The Whale (<em>Cetus</em>) has been turned around, its former mouth now "
"forming a tail fin."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:66
msgid "<em>Pegasus</em> exchanged feet and head."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p><ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:68
msgid ""
"<em>Bootes</em>, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace "
"of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:75
msgid "<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey\">H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)</a>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <p>
#: ../../skycultures/western_rey/description.en.utf8:80
msgid ""
"This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon "
"example contributed by Mike Richards.  It has been reworked following the "
"41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti."
msgstr ""