## LICENSE ``` Copyright (C) 2004-2023 Fabien Chereau et al. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335, USA. See the COPYING file for more information regarding the GNU General Public License. ``` ## Full Reference & Credits ``` 1. Technical Articles 1.1 The tone reproductor class The class mainly performs a fast implementation of the algorithm from the paper [1], with more accurate values from [2]. The blue shift formula is taken from [3] and combined with the Scotopic vision formula from [4]. [1] "Tone Reproduction for Realistic Images", Tumblin and Rushmeier, IEEE Computer Graphics & Application, November 1993 [2] "Tone Reproduction and Physically Based Spectral Rendering", Devlin, Chalmers, Wilkie and Purgathofer in EUROGRAPHICS 2002 [3] "Night Rendering", H. Wann Jensen, S. Premoze, P. Shirley, W.B. Thompson, J.A. Ferwerda, M.M. Stark [4] "A Visibility Matching Tone Reproduction Operator for High Dynamic Range Scenes", G.W. Larson, H. Rushmeier, C. Piatko 1.2 The skylight class The class is a fast implementation of the algorithm from the article "A Practical Analytic Model for Daylight" by A. J. Preetham, Peter Shirley and Brian Smits. 1.3 The skybright class The class is a fast reimplementation of the VISLIMIT.BAS basic source code from Brad Schaefer's article on pages 57-60, May 1998 _Sky & Telescope_, "To the Visual Limits". The basic sources are available on the Sky and Telescope web site. (code "offered as-is and without support.") 1.4 The Delta-T calculations For implementation of calculation routines for Delta-T we used the following sources: [1] Delta-T webpage by Rob van Gent: http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/deltat/deltat.htm [2] "Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses", Espenak and Meeus http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/deltatpoly2004.html [3] "On the system of astronomical constants", Clemence, G. M., Astronomical Journal, Vol. 53, p. 169 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948AJ.....53..169C [4] "The Rotation of the Earth, and the Secular Accelerations of the Sun, Moon and Planets", Spencer Jones, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 99 (1939), 541-558 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939MNRAS..99..541S [5] "Polynomial approximations for the correction delta T E.T.- U.T. in the period 1800-1975", Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Acta Astronomica, vol. 29, no. 1, 1979, p. 101-104. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979AcA....29..101S [6] "ELP 2000-85 and the dynamic time-universal time relation", Borkowski, K. M., Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361), vol. 205, no. 1-2, Oct. 1988, p. L8-L10. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988A&A...205L...8B [7] "Empirical Transformations from U.T. to E.T. for the Period 1800-1988", Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G., Astronomische Nachrichten 309, 219-221 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988AN....309..219S [8] "Historical values of the Earth's clock error DeltaT and the calculation of eclipses", Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R., Journal for the History of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286), Vol. 35, Part 3, No. 120, p. 327 - 336 (2004) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHA....35..327M [9] "Addendum: Historical values of the Earth's clock error", Morrison, L. V.; Stephenson, F. R., Journal for the History of Astronomy (ISSN 0021-8286), Vol. 36, Part 3, No. 124, p. 339 (2005) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JHA....36..339M [10] "Polynomial approximations to Delta T, 1620-2000 AD", Meeus, J.; Simons, L., Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.110, no.6, 323 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..323M [11] "Einstein's Theory of Relativity Confirmed by Ancient Solar Eclipses", Henriksson G., http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ASPC..409..166H [12] "Canon of Solar Eclipses" by Mucke & Meeus (1983) [13] "The accelerations of the earth and moon from early astronomical observations", Muller P. M., Stephenson F. R., http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975grhe.conf..459M [14] "Pre-Telescopic Astronomical Observations", Stephenson F.R., http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978tfer.conf....5S [15] "Long-term changes in the rotation of the earth - 700 B.C. to A.D. 1980", Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V., Philosophical Transactions, Series A (ISSN 0080-4614), vol. 313, no. 1524, Nov. 27, 1984, p. 47-70. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPTA.313...47S [16] "Long-Term Fluctuations in the Earth's Rotation: 700 BC to AD 1990", Stephenson F. R., Morrison L. V., Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering, Volume 351, Issue 1695, pp. 165-202 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RSPTA.351..165S [17] "Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation" by F. R. Stephenson (1997) http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511525186 [18] "Astronomical Algorithms" by J. Meeus (2nd ed., 1998) [19] "Astronomy on the Personal Computer" by O. Montenbruck & T. Pfleger (4nd ed., 2000) [20] "Calendrical Calculations" by E. M. Reingold & N. Dershowitz (2nd ed., 2001) [21] DeltaT webpage by V. Reijs: http://www.iol.ie/~geniet/eng/DeltaTeval.htm 1.5 An accurate long-time precession model compatible with P03: J. Vondrak, N. Capitaine, P. Wallace: New precession expressions, valid for long time intervals. Astronomy&Astrophysics 534, A22 (2011); DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117274 1.6 Nutation: Dennis D. McCarthy and Brian J. Luzum: An Abridged Model of the Precession-Nutation of the Celestial Pole. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 85: 37-49, 2003. This model provides accuracy better than 1 milli-arcsecond in the time 1995-2050. It is applied for years -4000..+8000 only. 2. Included source code 2.1 Some computation of the sidereal time (sidereal_time.h/c) and pluto orbit contains code from the libnova library (LGPL) by Liam Girdwood. 2.2 The orbit.cpp/h and solve.h files are directly borrowed from Celestia (Chris Laurel). (GPL license) 2.3 Several implementations of IMCCE theories for planet and satellite movement by Johannes Gajdosik (MIT-style license, see the corresponding files for the license text) 2.4 The tesselation algorithms were originally extracted from the glues library version 1.4 Mike Gorchak (SGI FREE SOFTWARE LICENSE B). 2.5 OBJ loader in the Scenery3D plugin based on glObjViewer (c) 2007 dhpoware 2.6 Parts of the code to work with DE430 and DE431 data files have been taken from Project Pluto (GPL license). 2.7 The SpoutLibrary.dll and header from the SpoutSDK version 2.005 available at http://spout.zeal.co (BSD license). 3. Data 3.1 The Hipparcos star catalog From ESA (European Space Agency) and the Hipparcos mission. ref. ESA, 1997, The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues, ESA SP-1200 http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/239 3.2 The solar system data mainly comes from IMCCE and partly from Celestia. 3.3 Polynesian constellations are based on diagrams from the Polynesian Voyaging Society 3.4 Chinese constellations are based on diagrams from the Hong Kong Space Museum 3.5 Egyptian constellations are based on the work of Juan Antonio Belmonte, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias 3.6 The Tycho-2 Catalogue of the 2.5 Million Brightest Stars Hog E., Fabricius C., Makarov V.V., Urban S., Corbin T., Wycoff G., Bastian U., Schwekendiek P., Wicenec A. http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/I/259 3.7 Naval Observatory Merged Astrometric Dataset (NOMAD) version 1 http://www.nofs.navy.mil/nomad Norbert Zacharias writes: "There are no fees, both UCAC and NOMAD are freely available with the only requirement that the source of the data (U.S. Naval Observatory) and original product name need to be provided with any distribution, as well as a description about any changes made to the data, if at all." The changes made to the data are: -) try to compute visual magnitude and color from the b,v,r values -) compute nr_of_measurements = the number of valid b,v,r values -) throw away or keep stars (depending on magnitude, nr_of_measurements, combination of flags, tycho2 number) -) add all stars from Hipparcos (incl. component solutions), and tycho2+1st supplement -) reorganize the stars in several brightness levels and triangular zones according to position and magnitude The programs that are used to generate the star files are called "MakeCombinedCatalogue", "ParseHip", "ParseNomad", and can be found in the util subdirectory in source code. The position, magnitudes, and proper motions of the stars coming from NOMAD are unchanged, except for a possible loss of precision, especially in magnitude. When there is no v-magnitude, it is estimated from r or b magnitude. When there is no b- or v- magnitude, the color B-V is estimated from the other magnitudes. Also proper motions of faint stars are neglected at all. 3.8 Stellarium's Catalog of Variable Stars based on General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS) version 2013Apr. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/ Samus N.N., Durlevich O.V., Kazarovets E V., Kireeva N.N., Pastukhova E.N., Zharova A.V., et al., General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2012) http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?cat=B%2Fgcvs& 3.9 Consolidated DSO catalog was created from various data: [1] NGC/IC data taken from SIMBAD Astronomical Database http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr [2] Distance to NGC/IC data taken from NED (NASA/IPAC EXTRAGALACTIC DATABASE) http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu [3] Catalogue of HII Regions (Sharpless, 1959) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/20 [4] H-α emission regions in Southern Milky Way (Rodgers+, 1960) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/216 [5] Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae (Van den Bergh, 1966) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/21 [6] Lynds' Catalogue of Dark Nebulae (LDN) (Lynds, 1962) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/7A [7] Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae (Lynds, 1965) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/9 [8] Catalog of bright diffuse Galactic nebulae (Cederblad, 1946) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/231 [9] Barnard's Catalogue of 349 Dark Objects in the Sky (Barnard, 1927) taken from VizieR http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII/220A [10] A Catalogue of Star Clusters shown on Franklin-Adams Chart Plates (Melotte, 1915) taken from NASA ADS http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1915MmRAS..60..175M [11] On Structural Properties of Open Galactic Clusters and their Spatial Distribution. Catalog of Open Galactic Clusters. (Collinder, 1931) taken from NASA ADS http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1931AnLun...2....1C [12] The Collinder Catalog of Open Star Clusters. An Observer’s Checklist. Edited by Thomas Watson. Taken from CloudyNights http://www.cloudynights.com/page/articles/cat/articles/the-collinder-catalog-updated-r2467 3.10 Cross-identification of objects in consolidated DSO catalog was made with: [1] SIMBAD Astronomical Database http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr [2] Merged catalogue of reflection nebulae (Magakian, 2003) http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-3?-source=J/A+A/399/141 [3] Messier Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes morphological classification and distances) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects [4] Caldwell Catalogue was taken from Wikipedia (includes morphological classification and distances) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldwell_catalogue 3.11 Morphological classification and magnitudes (partially) for Melotte catalogue was taken from DeepSkyPedia http://deepskypedia.com/wiki/List:Melotte 4. Graphics 4.1 All graphics are copyrighted by the Stellarium's Team (GNU GPLv2 or later) except the ones mentioned below : 4.2 The "earthmap" texture was created by NASA (Reto Stockli, NASA Earth Observatory) using data from the MODIS instrument aboard the Terra satellite (Public Domain). See chapter 10.1 for full credits. 4.4 Moon texture map was combined from maps by USGS Astrogeology Research Program, http://astrogeology.usgs.gov (Public Domain, DFSG-free) and by Lunar surface textures from Celestia, based on Clementine data (Public Domain). 4.5a Jupiter map created by James Hastings-Trew from Cassini data. "The maps are free to download and use as source material or resource in artwork or rendering (CGI or real time)." 4.5b The Sun and Iapetus maps and rings of Uranus are from Celestia (http://shatters.net/celestia/) under the GNU General Purpose License, version 2 or any later version: - Iapetus map is from dr. Fridger Schrempp (t00fri). 4.5c The Amalthea, Europa, Ganymede, Gaspra,Mercury, Uranus, Neptune, Mimas, Bianca, Epimetheus, Ida, Vesta, Hyperion, Io, Janus, Phoebe, Saturn, Tethys, Venus, Ceres, Uranus, Epimetheus, Deimos, Proteus and comet maps are processed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5d The Titania, Umbriel, Pluto, Charon, Sedna and 2007 OR10 maps are created by Kexitt and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5e The Ariel, Haumea, Miranda, Oberon and Nereid maps are created by Snowfall and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5f The Eris and Dysnomia maps are created by MrSpace43 and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5g The Rhea map are created by FarGetaNik and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5i The Titan (Clouds) map are created by Magenta Meteorite and postprocessed by Oleg Pluton a.k.a Helleformer License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.5k Callisto map is created by John van Vliet from PDS data and modified by RVS. License: cc-by-sa. 4.5l Dione and Enceladus maps are created by NASA (CICLOPS team) from Cassini data, colored by RVS. Public domain. 4.5m All other planet maps from David Seal's site: http://maps.jpl.nasa.gov/ see license in section 10.2 4.5n Bennu map is created by NASA from OSIRIS-REx spacecraft data. Public domain. Full size mosaic: https://www.asteroidmission.org/bennu_global_mosaic/ 4.6 The fullsky milky way panorama is created by Axel Mellinger, University of Potsdam, Germany. Further information and more pictures available from http://home.arcor-online.de/axel.mellinger/ License: permission given to "Modify and redistribute this image if proper credit to the original image is given." 4.7 All messiers nebula pictures except those mentioned below from the Grasslands Observatory : "Images courtesy of Tim Hunter and James McGaha, Grasslands Observatory at http://www.3towers.com." License: permission given to "use the image freely" (including right to modify and redistribute) "as long as it is credited." 4.8 M31 pictures come from LEE ang HG731GZ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.9 Images of NGC4526, NGC6544, NGC6553, Sh2-261 from Yang Kai License: public domain 4.10 Images of M1, M27, M57, M97, NGC6946 from Stephane Dumont 4.11 Images of NGC856, NGC884 from Maxime Spano 4.12 Constellation art, GUI buttons, logo created by Johan Meuris (Jomejome) (jomejome at users.sourceforge.net) http://www.johanmeuris.eu/ License: released under the Free Art License (http://artlibre.org/licence.php/lalgb.html) Icon created by Johan Meuris License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported 4.13 The "earth-clouds" texture includes imagery owned by NASA. See NASA's Visible Earth project at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ License: 1. The imagery is free of licensing fees 2. NASA requires that they be provided a credit as the owners of the imagery The cloud texturing was taken from Celestia (GPL), http://www.shatters.net/celestia/ 4.14 The folder icon derived from the Tango Desktop Project, used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license. 4.15 Images of NGC7317, NGC7319, NGC7320 from Andrey Kuznetsov, Kepler Observatory http://kepler-observatorium.ru License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.16 Images of NGC2903, NGC3185, NGC3187, NGC3189, NGC3190, NGC3193, NGC3718, NGC3729, NGC5981, NGC5982, NGC5985 from Oleg Bryzgalov http://olegbr.astroclub.kiev.ua/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.17 Image of eta Carinae from Harel Boren http://www.pbase.com/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.18 Images of IC1805 from Aldeabaran66 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.19 Images of M21, M47, NGC3324, NGC7590, RCW158 from Trevor Gerdes http://www.sarcasmogerdes.com/ 4.20 Images of NGC1532 from users of Ice In Space http://www.iceinspace.com.au/ 4.21 Images of NGC3293 from ESO/G. Beccari http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.22 Images of SMC (Magellanic Clouds) from Albert Van Donkelaar 4.23 Images of NGC1365, NGC6726 from Philip Montgomery http://www.kenthurst.bigpondhosting.com/ 4.24 The Vesta and Ceres map was taken from USGS website https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ and colored by RVS. License: public domain. 4.25 Images of M15, M24, M51, M58, M63, M76, M81, M82, M96, M101, M105, M106, IC405, IC443, IC1727, NGC246, NGC457, NGC467, NGC470, NGC474, NGC488, NGC672, NGC691, NGC1514, NGC1961, NGC2174, NGC2371, NGC2392, NGC2403, NGC2506, NGC2655, NGC2685, NGC2805, NGC2814, NGC2820, NGC2841, NGC3079, NGC3166, NGC3227, NGC3310, NGC3344, NGC3359, NGC3504, NGC3512, NGC3521, NGC3628, NGC3938, NGC4151, NGC4274, NGC4535, NGC4559, NGC4631, NGC4656, NGC4657, NGC5033, NGC5363, NGC7008, NGC7318, NGC7331, NGC7479, NGC7635, NGC7640, NGC7789, PGC1803573, Barnard 142, Barnard 173, Sh2-101, Sh2-188, LDN1235, Sadr region (Gamma Cygni), Medusa, Jones-Emberson 1, NGC2146 from Peter Vasey, Plover Hill Observatory http://www.madpc.co.uk/~peterv/ 4.26 Image of IC3568 from Howard Bond (Space Telescope Science Institute), Robin Ciardullo (Pennsylvania State University) and NASA License: public domain 4.27 Image of solar corona from eclipse 2008-08-01 by Georg Zotti 4.28 Images of IC410, NGC2359 from Carole Pope https://sites.google.com/site/caroleastroimaging/ 4.29 Images of NGC2261, NGC2818, NGC2936, NGC3314, NGC3690, NGC3918, NGC4038-4039, NGC5257, NGC5307, NGC6027, NGC6050, NGC6369, NGC6826, NGC7742, IC883, IC4406, PGC2248, UGC1810, UGC8335, UGC9618, Red Rectangle and Calabash Nebula from NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration License: public domain; http://hubblesite.org/copyright/ 4.30 Image of NGC40 from Steven Bellavia 4.31 Images of NGC1579, NGC2467, NGC6590, Barnard Loop, IC342, SH2-297 from Sun Shuwei License: public domain 4.32 Images of M77, NGC3109, NGC3180, NGC4449, NGC5474, NGC6231, NGC6397, Sh2-264, Sh2-308, LDN1622 from Wang Lingyi License: public domain 4.33 Images of PGC6830, PGC29653, UGC5373 from Lowell Observatory http://www2.lowell.edu/ License: public domain 4.34 Images of M59, M60, M89, M90, IC2177, IC2220, IC2631, NGC1433, NGC2442, NGC3572, PGC10074, RCW32, RCW38, RCW49, Fornax Cluster, Virgo Cluster from ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2 http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.35 Images of NGC3603 from ESO/La Silla Observatory http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.36 Images of M49, NGC147, NGC404, NGC4228, NGC4244 from Ole Nielsen License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic 4.37 Images of NGC2808, NGC7023, Hercules Cluster from NASA License: public domain 4.38 Images of M44, IC1396 from Giuseppe Donatiello License: Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication 4.39 Images of M4, M12, M14, M19, M20, M22, M55, M56, M62, M88, M92, M108, M109, IC5146, NGC225, NGC281, NGC663, NGC891, NGC1931, NGC6823, NGC7814 from Hewholooks https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.40 Images of NGC4565 from Ken Crawford http://www.imagingdeepsky.com/ License: This work is free and may be used by anyone for any purpose. If you wish to use this content, you do not need to request permission as long as you follow any licensing requirements mentioned on this page. 4.41 Images of M61, M64, M65, M66, M91, M99, M100, NGC613, NGC772, NGC918, NGC1042, NGC1360, NGC1398, NGC1501, NGC1535, NGC1555, NGC2158, NGC2282, NGC2346, NGC2362, NGC2440, NGC2683, NGC2775, NGC3132, NGC3242, NGC3486, NGC3750, NGC4170, NGC4216, NGC4361, NGC4395, NGC4414,,NGC4450, NGC4676, NGC4725, NGC5216, NGC5248, NGC5426, NGC5466, NGC6302, NGC6522, NGC6543, NGC6563, NGC6781, NGC6894, NGC7000, NGC7354, NGC7822, SH2-136, UGC3697, Abell31, Abell33, Abell39, Cassiopeia A, LBN438, Wild's Triplet from Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona http://www.caelumobservatory.com/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.42 Images of IC1295, NGC134, NGC92, NGC55, NGC300, NGC908, NGC936, NGC1232, NGC1313, NGC1316, NGC1792, NGC1978, NGC2207, NGC2736, NGC3199, NGC3699, NGC3766, NGC3532, NGC4945, NGC5128, NGC5189, NGC6362, NGC6537, NGC6752, NGC6769, NGC6822, NGC7793 from ESO http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.43 Images of M33, M42, NGC253, NGC5566, LBN782, the Pleiades from HG731GZ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.44 Images of M8, M17, M94, M104, IC434, IC2944, IC4628, NGC2264, NGC6334, NGC6357, NGC6726, NGC7293, SMC (Hydrogen Alpha) from Dylan O'Donnell http://deography.com/ License: public domain 4.45 Images of NGC247 No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). No machine-readable author provided. Fany Toporenko assumed (based on copyright claims). License: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. 4.46 Images of IC1613 from Philos2000 License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.47 Images of M16, IC4592, IC4601, NGC4236, NGC6914, Perseus Cluster from Sun Gang License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.48 Images of NGC4651, NGC5906 from R. Jay GaBany https://www.cosmotography.com/images/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.49 Images of NGC7662 from Gianluca.pollastri https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.50 Images of M2, M3, M5, M13, M10, M28, M30, M53, M54, M69, M71, M75, M78, M85, M102, M107, IC10, PGC143, UGC12613 from Starhopper https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.51 Images of M95, NGC520, NGC660, NGC925, NGC1300, NGC4490, NGC6888, NGC7129, NGC7497 from Jschulman555 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.52 Images of M98 from Clh288 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic 4.53 Images of NGC6818 from Robert Rubin (NASA/ESA Ames Research Center), Reginald Dufour and Matt Browning (Rice University), Patrick Harrington (University of Maryland), and NASA/ESA https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.54 Images of NGC6188 from Ivan Bok https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.55 Images of NGC6188 from Friendlystar https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.56 Images of NGC1023 from Fryns Fryns https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: public domain 4.57 Images of NGC1269, NGC3195 from Zhu Ying License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.58 Images of IC2118, NGC1097, NGC1499 from Zhao Jingna License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.59 Images of NGC1491 from Chuck Ayoub https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.60 Images of IC2169, NGC2244, NGC3077, SH2-155, SH2-263, UGC10822, Barnard 22, Barnard207, Abell85 from Keesscherer https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.61 Images of NGC3115 from Mi Lan License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.62 Images of NGC3621 from ESO and Joe DePasquale http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.63 Images of NGC2547, Vela supernova remnant from ESO/J.Perez http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.64 Images of M83 from TRAPPIST/E. Jehin/ESO http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.65 Images of NGC288 from Sunfishtommy https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.66 Images of IC1848, NGC1055 from Jeffjnet http://www.iceinspace.com.au/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.67 Images of NGC2867, NGC6884 from Howard Bond (ST ScI) and NASA/ESA https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.68 Images of NGC4567 from Klaus Hohmann https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany 4.69 Images of NGC5286, RCW53 from Kong Fanxi License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.70 Images of NGC5897 from San Esteban http://www.astrosurf.com License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.71 Images of NGC6388 from ESO, F. Ferraro (University of Bologna) http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.72 Images of NGC7380, SH2-80, SH2-106 from Cristina Cellini https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.73 Images of NGC6744 from Zhuokai Liu, Jiang Yuhang License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.74 Images of NGC2170, SH2-1, SH2-240 from Rogelio Bernal Andreo https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.75 Images of VDB 152 from Hubble Space Telescope https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.76 Images of M72, NGC6905 from Tom Wildoner https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.77 Images of NGC2623 from NASA, ESA and A. Evans (Stony Brook University, New York, University of Virginia & National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, USA) https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.78 Images of IC4634, NGC3808, NGC5882, NGC6210, NGC6572, NGC6741 from ESA/Hubble & NASA https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.79 Images of NGC6240, PGC33423 from NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University) https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.80 Images of UGC5470 from Friendlystar https://ko.wikipedia.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.81 Images of UGC6253, UGC9749 from Giuseppe Donatiello https://en.wikipedia.org/ License: public domain 4.82 Images of UGC10214 from NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.83 Images of NGC6503, NGC7714, Hydra Cluster from NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2 https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.84 Images of NGC2477 from Guillermo Abramson https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.85 Images of NGC4755 from ESO/Y. Beletsky http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.86 Images of NGC7538 from J. Aleu https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: public domain 4.87 Images of IC2395, IC4756, NGC3114, NGC6025, NGC6087, NGC6124, NGC6633 from Roberto Mura https://en.wikipedia.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.88 Images of NGC362 from ESO/VISTA VMC http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.89 Images of NGC2997 from Adam Block/ChileScope http://www.caelumobservatory.com/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.90 Images of M74, NGC1788, NGC5053, Sh2-132, Coma Cluster, Leo Cluster, barnard150, LDN673 from Bart Delsaert https://delsaert.com/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported 4.91 Images of NGC1333 from AAE-Agrupacio Astronomica d'Eivissa https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.92 Images of NGC5139 from Jose Mtanous https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.93 Images of NGC6960 from Jose Mtanous https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: public domain 4.94 Images of NGC6445 from The Pan-STARRS1 Surveys (PS1) and the PS1 public science archive have been made possible through contributions by the Institute for Astronomy, the University of Hawaii, the Pan-STARRS Project Office, the Max-Planck Society and its participating institutes, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, The Johns Hopkins University, Durham University, the University of Edinburgh, the Queen's University Belfast, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Incorporated, the National Central University of Taiwan, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX08AR22G issued through the Planetary Science Division of the NASA Science Mission Directorate, the National Science Foundation Grant No. AST-1238877, the University of Maryland, Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. https://ps1images.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/ps1cutouts License: public domain 4.95 Images of LMC (Magellanic Clouds) from ESO/R. Gendler and Sun Shuwei http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. This work is a derivative of "Map of the Large Magellanic Cloud" and "The entire Large Magellanic Cloud with annotations" by ESO/R. Gendler, used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International by Sun Shuwei. 4.96 Images of rho Oph from ESO/S. Guisard http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.97 Images of IC59, IC63 from Zhang Ruiping License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.98 Images of IC423 from Astrowicht https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.99 Images of IC418, IC4593, NGC5315, NGC6751 from NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.100 Images of NGC7009 from ESO/J. Walsh http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.101 Images of NGC7027 from Judy Schmidt https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: public domain 4.102 Images of NGC6309, NGC6891 from Fabian RRRR https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.103 Images of NGC2022 from ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Wade https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.104 Images of NGC654 from Antonio F. Sanchez https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.105 Images of NGC6496 from Mohamad Abbas https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.106 Images of PGC3589 from ESA/Hubble, Digitized Sky Survey 2 https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.107 Images of NGC1672 from Davide De Martin (ESA/Hubble), the ESA/ESO/NASA Photoshop FITS Liberator & Digitized Sky Survey 2 https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.108 Images of NGC4298 from NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2; Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin https://www.spacetelescope.org/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.109 Images of NGC1502 from Kamil Pecinovsky https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.110 Images of NGC752 from Tayson82 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International 4.111 Images of Sh2-170 from Wang Wei License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported 4.112 Images of NGC2613 from ESO/IDA/Danish 1.5 m/R. Gendler, J.-E. Ovaldsen, C. Thone and C. Feron http://eso.org/public/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 4.113 The miscWorldMap.jpg image was created from NASA Blue Marble Next Generation dataset for July 2004. Public domain. https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/images/74092/july-blue-marble-next-generation ``` ## Appendix ``` 1 Full credits for image 4.2 Author: Reto Stockli, NASA Earth Observatory, rstockli (at) climate.gsfc.nasa.gov Address of correspondence: Reto Stockli ETH/IAC (NFS Klima) & NASA/GSFC Code 913 (SSAI) University Irchel Building 25 Room J53 Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Phone: +41 (0)1 635 5209 Fax: +41 (0)1 362 5197 Email: rstockli (at) climate.gsfc.nasa.gov http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov http://www.iac.ethz.ch/staff/stockli Supervisors: Fritz Hasler and David Herring, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Funding: This project was realized under the SSAI subcontract 2101-01-027 (NAS5-01070) License : "Any and all materials published on the Earth Observatory are freely available for re-publication or re-use, except where copyright is indicated." 2 License for the JPL planets images (http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/policy/index.cfm) Unless otherwise noted, images and video on JPL public web sites (public sites ending with a jpl.nasa.gov address) may be used for any purpose without prior permission, subject to the special cases noted below. Publishers who wish to have authorization may print this page and retain it for their records; JPL does not issue image permissions on an image by image basis. By electing to download the material from this web site the user agrees: 1. that Caltech makes no representations or warranties with respect to ownership of copyrights in the images, and does not represent others who may claim to be authors or owners of copyright of any of the images, and makes no warranties as to the quality of the images. Caltech shall not be responsible for any loss or expenses resulting from the use of the images, and you release and hold Caltech harmless from all liability arising from such use. 2. to use a credit line in connection with images. Unless otherwise noted in the caption information for an image, the credit line should be "Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech." 3. that the endorsement of any product or service by Caltech, JPL or NASA must not be claimed or implied. Special Cases: * Prior written approval must be obtained to use the NASA insignia logo (the blue "meatball" insignia), the NASA logotype (the red "worm" logo) and the NASA seal. These images may not be used by persons who are not NASA employees or on products (including Web pages) that are not NASA sponsored. In addition, no image may be used to explicitly or implicitly suggest endorsement by NASA, JPL or Caltech of commercial goods or services. Requests to use NASA logos may be directed to Bert Ulrich, Public Services Division, NASA Headquarters, Code POS, Washington, DC 20546, telephone (202) 358-1713, fax (202) 358-4331, email bert.ulrich@hq.nasa.gov. * Prior written approval must be obtained to use the JPL logo (stylized JPL letters in red or other colors). Requests to use the JPL logo may be directed to the Television/Imaging Team Leader, Media Relations Office, Mail Stop 186-120, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA 91109, telephone (818) 354-5011, fax (818) 354-4537. * If an image includes an identifiable person, using the image for commercial purposes may infringe that person's right of privacy or publicity, and permission should be obtained from the person. NASA and JPL generally do not permit likenesses of current employees to appear on commercial products. For more information, consult the NASA and JPL points of contact listed above. * JPL/Caltech contractors and vendors who wish to use JPL images in advertising or public relation materials should direct requests to the Television/Imaging Team Leader, Media Relations Office, Mail Stop 186-120, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA 91109, telephone (818) 354-5011, fax (818) 354-4537. * Some image and video materials on JPL public web sites are owned by organizations other than JPL or NASA. These owners have agreed to make their images and video available for journalistic, educational and personal uses, but restrictions are placed on commercial uses. To obtain permission for commercial use, contact the copyright owner listed in each image caption. Ownership of images and video by parties other than JPL and NASA is noted in the caption material with each image. ```